Group of physical problems resulting from basal ganglia dysfunction
Medical condition
Basal ganglia disease
Basal ganglia and related structures
Specialty
Neurology
Types
8
Basal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function.[1] Research indicates that increased output of the basal ganglia inhibits thalamocortical projection neurons. Proper activation or deactivation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement. If something causes too much basal ganglia output, then the ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) thalamocortical projection neurons become too inhibited, and one cannot initiate voluntary movement. These disorders are known as hypokinetic disorders. However, a disorder leading to abnormally low output of the basal ganglia leads to reduced inhibition, and thus excitation, of the thalamocortical projection neurons (VA and VL) which synapse onto the cortex. This situation leads to an inability to suppress unwanted movements. These disorders are known as hyperkinetic disorders.[2]
Reasons for abnormal increases or decreases of basal ganglia output are not yet well understood. One possible factor could be the natural accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia, causing neurodegeneration due to its involvement in toxic, free-radical reactions.[3] Though motor disorders are the most common associated with the basal ganglia, recent research shows that basal ganglia disorders can lead to other dysfunctions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome.[4]
Basalgangliadisease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basalganglia fail to properly suppress...
The basalganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates. In humans and other primates, differences...
neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of iron in the basalganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex of the human brain. Symptoms, which are...
calcification (PFBC), also known as familial idiopathic basalganglia calcification (FIBGC) and Fahr's disease, is a rare, genetically dominant or recessive, inherited...
hyperkinetic movements are the result of improper regulation of the basalganglia–thalamocortical circuitry. Overactivity of a direct pathway combined...
movement due to a disruption in the basalganglia.[citation needed] Hypokinesia is a symptom of Parkinson's disease shown as muscle rigidity and an inability...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare but terminal neurodegenerative...
diagnostic biomarkers are: reduced dopamine transporter uptake in the basalganglia shown on PET or SPECT imaging; low uptake of 123iodine-metaiodobenzylguanidine...
oxidative phosphorylation. In the case of Leigh disease, crucial cells in the brain stem and basalganglia are affected. This causes a chronic lack of energy...
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. It is a hypokinetic movement basalgangliadisease caused...
the basalganglia and the neurophysiology of habit formation, implicit learning, and her work is relevant to Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,...
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis–Ekbom disease (WED), is generally a long-term disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs...
Also, several major degenerative diseases of the basalganglia, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, are specific to humans, although...
malnutrition. Several diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency, including beriberi, biotin-thiamine-responsive basalgangliadisease (BTBGD), Wernicke–Korsakoff...
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basalganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Substantia nigra is...
neural pathway within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basalganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement...
brain, the basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum. They include the ventral basalganglia (including...
target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The basalganglia functions to tonically inhibit movement, mainly in the absence...
the SLC19A3 gene have been linked to biotin-thiamine responsive basalgangliadisease, which is treated with pharmacological doses of thiamine and biotin...
Hemiballismus or hemiballism is a basalganglia syndrome resulting from damage to the subthalamic nucleus in the basalganglia. Hemiballismus is a rare hyperkinetic...
consider". Until recently, most MRI research focused broadly on the basalganglia as a whole, for various reasons (e.g. image resolution, rarity of isolated...
the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basalganglia system. In terms of anatomy, it is the major part of the subthalamus...
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