The Atlantic cod (pl.: cod; Gadus morhua) is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.[3][n 1] Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish,[4][10] and as cured salt cod or clipfish.[n 2]
In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and around both coasts of Greenland and the Labrador Sea; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the Bay of Biscay north to the Arctic Ocean, including the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Sea of the Hebrides,[14] areas around Iceland and the Barents Sea.
Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.[15][16] They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.[17][18]
Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its lateral line (used to detect vibrations)[19] is clearly visible. Its habitat ranges from the coastal shoreline down to 300 m (1,000 ft) along the continental shelf.
Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America. It supported the US and Canada fishing economy until 1992, when the Canadian Government implemented a ban on fishing cod.
Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (decline of more than 95% of maximum historical biomass) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.[20] This absence of the apex predator has led to a trophic cascade in many areas.[20] Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, per a 1996 assessment that the IUCN notes needs updating.[2] A 2013 assessment covering only Europe shows the Atlantic cod has rebounded in Europe, and it has been relabelled least concern.[21]
^Fitch, J.E (1983). "Teleost fish otoliths from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina (Yorktown Formation: Pliocene)". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 53: 509–529. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.53.509.
^ abSobel, J. (1996). "Gadus morhua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8784A12931575. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ abAtlantic Cod Archived 2009-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. Seafood Portal.
^ abOxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "milwell, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.
^Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "morhwell, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.
^Richardson, John (1836), "93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) Common Cod-fish", Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N., vol. III: The Fish, London: Richard Bentley, pp. 242–245.
^Grant, Francis William (1836), "Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.)", The New Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. XI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, p. 12.
^Riley, Henry Thomas, ed. (1860), "Glossary of Mediæval Latin", Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn, vol. II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II., London: Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 816.
^ abcOxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "green fish, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
^ abOxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.
^ abcOxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "green cod, n.¹" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
^ abOxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "ling, n.¹" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.
^ abOxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "† haberdine, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.
^C.Michael Hogan, (2011) Sea of the Hebrides Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.
^"Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag". NRK. 2018-04-07. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
^"Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski". MBL. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
^ICES (2021). "Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK)". ICES Scientific Reports. doi:10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211.
^ICES (2021). ". Northwestern Working Group (NWWG)". ICES Scientific Reports. doi:10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186.
^Bleckmann, Horst; Zelick, Randy (2009-03-01). "Lateral line system of fish". Integrative Zoology. 4 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x. ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 21392273.
^ abCite error: The named reference Frank was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Gadus morhua". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page).
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