Spanish licence for monopoly of the slave trade in exchange for a loan
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The Asiento de Negros (lit.'agreement of blacks') was a monopoly contract between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide enslaved Africans to colonies in the Spanish Americas.[1] The Spanish Empire rarely engaged in the transatlantic slave trade directly from Africa itself, choosing instead to contract out the importation to foreign merchants from nations more prominent in that part of the world, typically Portuguese and Genoese, but later the Dutch, French, and British. The Asiento did not concern French or British Caribbean but Spanish America.
The 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas divided the Atlantic Ocean and other parts of the globe into two zones of influence, Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish acquired the west side, washing South America and the West Indies, whilst the Portuguese obtained the east side, washing the west coast of Africa – and also the Indian Ocean beyond. The Spanish relied on enslaved African labourers to support their American colonial project, but now lacked any trading or territorial foothold in West Africa, the principal source of slave labour.[2] The Spanish relied on Portuguese slave traders to fill their requirements. The contract was usually obtained by foreign merchant banks that cooperated with local or foreign traders, that specialized in shipping. Different organisations and individuals would bid for the right to hold the asiento.
The original impetus to import enslaved Africans was to relieve the indigenous inhabitants of the colonies from the labour demands of Spanish colonists.[3] The enslavement of Amerindians had been halted by the influence of Dominicans such as Bartolomé de las Casas. Spain gave individual asientos to Portuguese merchants to bring African slaves to South America.[4]
After the Peace of Münster, in 1648, Dutch merchants became involved in the Asiento de Negros. In 1713, the British were awarded the right to the asiento in the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession.[1] The British government passed its rights to the South Sea Company.[5] The British asiento ended with the 1750 Treaty of Madrid between Great Britain and Spain after the War of Jenkins' Ear, known appropriately by the Spanish as the Guerra del Asiento ("War of the Asiento").
^ abWeindl, Andrea (2008). "The Asiento de Negros and International Law". Journal of the History of International Law. 10 (2): 229–257. doi:10.1163/157180508X359846.
^Schneider, Elena, The Occupation of Havana, University of North Carolina Press, 1977, p.23 [1]
^Haring, Clarence. The Spanish Empire in America, New York: Oxford University Press 1947, p. 219.
^Israel, J. (2002). Diasporas within the Diaspora. Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1510–1740).
The AsientodeNegros (lit. 'agreement of blacks') was a monopoly contract between the Spanish Crown and various merchants for the right to provide enslaved...
the AsientodeNegros; as historian G.M. Trevelyan noted: "The finances of the country were based in May 1711 on the assumption that the Asiento, or monopoly...
established the asiento in the current Plaza San Martín, neighborhood of Retiro. After the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain granted the AsientodeNegros to Great Britain...
generate income, in 1713 the company was granted a monopoly (the AsientodeNegros) to supply African slaves to the islands in the "South Seas" and South...
companies had to pay the Spanish king for the license, called the AsientodeNegros, but an unknown amount of the trade was illegal. After 1670 when the...
Abolitionism in the United Kingdom Abolitionism in the United States AsientodeNegros Atlantic slave trade European colonization of the Americas History...
primarily for its relevance in the slave trade of the New World (the AsientodeNegros monopoly was outsourced to Genoese merchants established in Seville...
provision for British merchants to legally sell slaves with a license (AsientodeNegros) slaves to Spanish America. The provision undermined the possibility...
continental stronghold of Gibraltar. It also included granting the asientodenegros, a monopoly contract on African slaves to Spanish colonies in the...
trade, the right to export slaves in these territories, known as the AsientodeNegros was a major foreign policy objective of other European powers, sparking...
exhibited at the Bahamas Maritime Museum. Piracy portal Spain portal AsientodeNegros Álvaro de Bazán List of Atlantic hurricanes before 1600 Luis Fajardo Manila...
Instead, operating expenses were covered by borrowing funds, like the AsientodeNegros. This was unsustainable, and Spanish kings were forced to declare...
Madrid (5 October 1750), between Spain and Britain was about the AsientodeNegros Pinckney's Treaty or Treaty of Madrid (1795), which settled boundaries...
would pay £68,000 to settle Spanish claims for profits due on the AsientodeNegros. Despite being owned by the British government, it refused to do so;...
Gibraltar and Menorca, while giving Britain a thirty-year monopoly on the AsientodeNegros, the right to import slaves into their American colonies. Despite...
trading enslaved peoples to Brazil, the Spanish Empire relied on the AsientodeNegros system, awarding (Catholic) Genoese merchant bankers the license to...
States James Riley (Captain) Slave ship African Diaspora Slavery AsientodeNegros Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", Slavery and Slaving...
of Salins and in 1521 Count of Pont-de-Vaux. In August 1518 he received from Charles V the first Asientodenegros, which dealt with the deportation of...
by Spain. This included the AsientodeNegros, a monopoly to supply 5,000 slaves a year to Spanish America, and the Navio de Permiso, permitting two ships...
obtain thirty-year monopoly on the Spanish slave trade, known as the AsientodeNegros. Anne also allowed colonies like Virginia to make laws that promoted...
monopoly on selling African slaves in the Spanish Empire, known as the AsientodeNegros. Queen Anne of Great Britain also allowed her North American colonies...
faced with disaster as in the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain granted the AsientodeNegros to Britain, allowing British merchants to sell slaves in Spanish America...