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Spanish Empire information


Spanish Empire
Imperio español (Spanish)
1492–1976
Flag of Spanish Empire
Left: Cross of Burgundy
Right: early modern flag
Motto: Plus Ultra (Latin)
"Further Beyond"
Anthem: Marcha Real (Spanish)
"Royal March"
The Spanish Empire during the second half of the 18th century
The Spanish Empire during the second half of the 18th century
CapitalItinerant court (1492–1561)
Madrid (1561–1601, 1606–1976)
Valladolid (1601–1606)
Official languagesSpanish
Other languages
See list
  • Neapolitan
  • Sicilian
  • Sardinian
  • Guanche
  • Aragonese
  • Berber
  • Asturian
  • Basque
  • Catalan
  • Valencian
  • Occitan
  • Lombard
  • Galician
  • Andalusian Arabic (until the early 17th century)
  • Portuguese
  • Italian
  • Luxembourgish
  • Dutch
  • Quechua
  • Nahuatl
  • Zapotec
  • Mayan
  • Cebuano
  • Chinese
  • Tagalog and other various indigenous and non-indigenous languages
Religion
Roman Catholicism[a]
Demonym(s)Spaniard or Spanish
Membership
  • Trastámara
  • Habsburgs
  • Capetian dynasty ((Bourbons) (House of Valois, House of Valois-Burgundy, House of Capet))
  • House of Bonaparte
  • House of Savoy
Government
  • Composite monarchy 1492–1700
  • Absolute monarchy 1700–1820, 1823–1833, 1923–1930
  • Constitutional monarchy 1820–1823, 1833–1873, 1874–1923, 1930–1931 1975[1]–1976
  • Parliamentary monarchy 1823–1923, 1975–1976
  • Republic 1873–1874, 1931–1939
  • Dictatorship 1939[2]–1975
  • Democratic transition period
1975–1976
Head of state 
• 1474–1516
Catholic Monarchs (first)
• 1975–1976
Juan Carlos I (last)
History 
• Unification of Spain (de facto)
1475[3]
• Spanish landfall in the Americas
1492
• Conquest of Navarre
1512–29
• Conquest of the Aztec Empire
1519–21
• Magellan's circumnavigation
1519–22
• Conquest of the Maya
1524–1697
• Conquest of the Inca Empire
1532–72
• Conquest of the Muisca
1537–40
• Establishment of the Spanish East Indies
1565
• Iberian Union
1580–1640
• Spanish American wars of independence
1808–33
• Spanish–American War
1898
• Withdrawal from the Spanish Sahara
1976
Area
1780[4]13,700,000 km2 (5,300,000 sq mi)
CurrencySpanish real
Escudo (from 1537)
Spanish dollar (from 1598)
Spanish peseta (from 1869)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Spanish Empire Crown of Castile
Spanish Empire Crown of Aragon
Spanish Empire Emirate of Granada
Spanish Empire Kingdom of Navarre
Spanish Empire Burgundian Netherlands
Spanish Empire Episcopal principality of Utrecht
Spanish Empire Aztec Empire
Spanish Empire Maya Civilization
Spanish Empire Inca Empire
Spanish Empire Tondo
Spanish Empire Rajahnate of Maynila
Spanish Empire Caboloan
Spanish Empire Majapahit
Spanish Empire Kedatuan of Dapitan
Spanish Empire Rajahnate of Cebu
Spanish Empire Kingdom of Butuan
Spanish Empire Sultanate of Maguindanao
Spanish Empire Sultanate of Sulu
Spanish Empire Louisiana (New France)
Spanish Empire Muisca Confederation
Kingdom of Spain Spanish Empire
Kingdom of Naples Spanish Empire
Duchy of Milan Spanish Empire
Kingdom of Sicily Spanish Empire
Austrian Netherlands Spanish Empire
Dutch Republic Spanish Empire
Gran Colombia Spanish Empire
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Spanish Empire
First Mexican Empire Spanish Empire
Protectorate of Peru Spanish Empire
Republic of Chile Spanish Empire
Equatorial Guinea Spanish Empire
Louisiana (New France) Spanish Empire
Florida Territory Spanish Empire
United States Military Government in Cuba Spanish Empire
United States Military Government of Porto Rico Spanish Empire
First Philippine Republic Spanish Empire
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands Spanish Empire
Guam Spanish Empire
German New Guinea Spanish Empire
Morocco Spanish Empire
Western Sahara Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire,[b] sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy[c] or the Catholic Monarchy,[d][5][6][7] was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.[8][9] In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It achieved a global scale,[10] controlling vast portions of the Americas, Africa, various islands in Asia and Oceania, as well as territory in other parts of Europe.[11] It was one of the most powerful empires of the early modern period, becoming known as "the empire on which the sun never sets".[12] At its greatest extent in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Spanish Empire covered over 13 million square kilometres (5 million square miles), making it one of the largest empires in history.[4]

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America. The Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation—the first circumnavigation of the Earth—laid the foundation for Spain's Pacific empire and for Spanish control over the East Indies. In the beginning, Portugal was the only serious threat to Spanish hegemony in the New World. To end the threat of Portuguese expansion, Spain conquered Portugal and the Azores Islands from 1580 to 1582 during the War of the Portuguese Succession, resulting in the establishment of the Iberian Union, a forced union between the two crowns that lasted until 1640 when Portugal regained its independence from Spain.

The structure of governance of its overseas empire was significantly reformed in the late 18th century by the Bourbon monarchs. Although the Crown of Castile attempted to keep its empire a closed economic system under Habsburg rule, Castile was unable to supply the Indies with sufficient consumer goods to meet demand. This allowed foreign merchants from Genoa, France, England, Germany, and the Netherlands to take advantage of the trade, with silver from the mines of Peru and New Spain flowing to other parts of Europe. The merchant guild of Seville (later Cádiz) served as middlemen in the trade. The crown's trade monopoly was broken early in the 17th century, with the crown colluding with the merchant guild for fiscal reasons in circumventing the supposedly closed system.[13] Spain was largely able to defend its territories in the Americas, with the Dutch, English, and French taking only small Caribbean islands and outposts, using them to engage in contraband trade with the Spanish populace in the Indies.

Spain experienced its greatest territorial losses during the early 19th century, when its colonies in the Americas began fighting their wars of independence.[14] By 1900, Spain had also lost its colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific, and it was left with only its African possessions. In Latin America, among the legacies of its relationship with Iberia, Spanish is the dominant language, Catholicism the main religion, and political traditions of representative government can be traced to the Spanish Constitution of 1812.


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  1. ^ Monarchy nominally restored in 1947
  2. ^ Government proclaimed in 1936
  3. ^ Bethany Aram, "Monarchs of Spain" in Iberia and the Americas, vol. 2, p. 725. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio 2006.
  4. ^ a b Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 492–502. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  5. ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel (1979). España y los españoles en los tiempos modernos (in Spanish). University of Salamanca. p. 128.
  6. ^ Schneider, Reinhold, 'El Rey de Dios', Belacqva (2002)
  7. ^ Hugh Thomas, 'World Without End: The Global Empire of Philip II', Penguin; first edition (2015)
  8. ^ Wright, Edmund, ed. (2015). A Dictionary of World History (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780192807007.001.0001. ISBN 978-0191726927.
  9. ^ Echávez-Solano, Nelsy; Dworkin y Méndez, Kenya C., eds. (2007). Spanish and Empire. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press. pp. xi–xvi. doi:10.2307/j.ctv16755vb.3. ISBN 978-0826515667. S2CID 242814420.
  10. ^ Beaule, Christine; Douglass, John G., eds. (2020). The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism. Amerind Studies in Anthropology. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–15. doi:10.2307/j.ctv105bb41. ISBN 978-0816545711. JSTOR j.ctv105bb41. S2CID 241500499. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021 – via Open Research Library.
  11. ^ Gibson, p. 91; Lockhart & Schwartz 1983, p. 19.
  12. ^ Márquez, Carlos E. (2016). "Plus Ultra and the Empire Upon Which the Sun Never Set". In Tarver, H. Micheal; Slape, Emily (eds.). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. ISBN 978-1610694223. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  13. ^ Lynch, Bourbon Spain, pp. 10–11.
  14. ^ Lynch, John. "Spanish American Independence" in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press 1992, p. 218.

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