Limitation of some 32-bit operating systems running on x86 microprocessors
In computing, the term 3 GB barrier refers to a limitation of some 32-bit operating systems running on x86 microprocessors. It prevents the operating systems from using all of 4 GiB (4 × 10243 bytes) of main memory.[1] The exact barrier varies by motherboard and I/O device configuration, particularly the size of video RAM; it may be in the range of 2.75 GB to 3.5 GB.[2] The barrier is not present with a 64-bit processor and 64-bit operating system, or with certain x86 hardware and an operating system such as Linux or certain versions of Windows Server and macOS that allow use of Physical Address Extension (PAE) mode on x86 to access more than 4 GiB of RAM.
Whatever the actual position of the "barrier", there is no code in operating system software nor any hardware architectural limit that directly imposes it. Rather, the "barrier" is the result of interactions between several aspects of both.
^Microsoft Corporation. "Memory Limits for Windows Releases". Retrieved 2017-08-07. Devices have to map their memory below 4 GB for compatibility with non-PAE-aware Windows releases. Therefore, if the system has 4GB of RAM, some of it is either disabled or is remapped above 4GB by the BIOS. If the memory is remapped, X64 Windows can use this memory. X86 client versions of Windows don't support physical memory above the 4GB mark, so they can't access these remapped regions.
^Russinovich, Mark (21 July 2008). "Pushing the Limits of Windows: Physical Memory". Microsoft TechNet. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
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