Reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface
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Hotspots of sulfate aerosol pollution in 2005–2007 are highlighted in orange. Such sulfates rarely occur naturally outside of volcanic activity, and their increased levels are the main cause of global dimming[1]
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Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface.[2][3] It is caused by atmospheric particulate matter, predominantly sulfate aerosols, which are components of air pollution.[4] Global dimming was observed soon after the first systematic measurements of solar irradiance began in the 1950s. This weakening of visible sunlight proceeded at the rate of 4–5% per decade until the 1980s.[1] During these years, air pollution increased due to post-war industrialization. Solar activity did not vary more than the usual during this period.[5][2]
As aerosols have a cooling effect, global dimming has masked the extent of global warming experienced to date, with the most-polluted regions even experiencing cooling in the 1970s.[1][6] Global dimming has interfered with the water cycle by lowering evaporation, and thus has probably reduced rainfall in certain areas.[1] It may have weakened the Monsoon of South Asia and caused the entire tropical rain belt to shift southwards between 1950 and 1985, with a limited recovery afterwards.[7][8][9] Record levels of particulate pollution in the Northern Hemisphere caused or at least exacerbated the monsoon failure behind the 1984 Ethiopian famine.[10][11][12][13]
Since the 1980s, a decrease in air pollution has led to a partial reversal of the dimming trend, sometimes referred to as global brightening.[1] This global brightening had contributed to the acceleration of global warming which began in the 1990s.[1][6] According to climate models, the dimming effect of aerosols most likely offsets around 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) of warming as of 2021.[14] As nations act to reduce the toll of air pollution on the health of their citizens, the masking effect on global warming is expected to decline further.[15] The scenarios for climate action required to meet 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and 2 °C (3.6 °F) targets incorporate the predicted decrease in aerosol levels.[14] However, model simulations of the effects of aerosols on weather systems remain uncertain.[16][17]
The processes behind global dimming are similar to stratospheric aerosol injection. This is a proposed solar geoengineering intervention which aims to counteract global warming through intentional releases of reflective aerosols.[18] Stratospheric aerosol injection could be very effective at stopping or reversing warming but it would also have substantial effects on the global water cycle, regional weather, and ecosystems. Furthermore, it would have to be carried out over centuries to prevent a rapid and violent return of the warming.[19]
^ abcdefSeneviratne, S.I.; Zhang, X.; Adnan, M.; Badi, W.; Dereczynski, C.; Di Luca, A.; Ghosh, S.; Iskandar, I.; Kossin, J.; Lewis, S.; Otto, F.; Pinto, I.; Satoh, M.; Vicente-Serrano, S. M.; Wehner, M.; Zhou, B. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Piran, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021: 1513–1766. Bibcode:2021AGUFM.U13B..05K. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.
^ abCite error: The named reference AGU2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Sington, David (2004). "Global dimming". BBC News Online.
^Cite error: The named reference Myhre2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Eddy1982 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Wild2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Lau2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Fadnavis2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Peace2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Rotstayn and Lohmann 2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Hirasawa2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference BBC2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Herman2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abIPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.
^Cite error: The named reference XuRamanathanVictor2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Julsrud2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Persad2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Visioni2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference IPCC_WGI_SRM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Globaldimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface. It is caused by atmospheric particulate matter, predominantly sulfate...
aerosols in the atmosphere, which reflect sunlight and cause so-called globaldimming. After 1970, the increasing accumulation of greenhouse gases and controls...
by changes in cloud cover alone. After 1990, the globaldimming trend had clearly switched to global brightening. This followed measures taken to combat...
modification) to reduce global warming. This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via globaldimming and increased albedo...
Earth's surface was observed. This phenomenon is popularly known as globaldimming, and is primarily attributed to sulfate aerosols produced by the combustion...
Stanhill G, Cohen S (2001). "Globaldimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of...
(outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to globaldimming. Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of...
turning 1816 into the "year without a summer" due to the levels of globaldimming sulfate aerosols and ash expelled. The larger Mount Toba eruption, which...
future, a globaldimming event is observed, coinciding with the formation of a bright line from the Sun to Venus. The exponential rate of dimming is calculated...
pioneering model for management of the global commons. Globaldimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface...
formation of a word Din (disambiguation) Globaldimming This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Dim. If an internal link led you here...
Global distillation or the grasshopper effect is the geochemical process by which certain chemicals, most notably persistent organic pollutants (POPs)...
A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying...
observable reduction in visible sunlight that had been described as globaldimming. Then, it started to decline substantially from the 1990s onwards and...
concentrations (which have a reflective effect, also associated with globaldimming, and with some solar geoengineering proposals) and result in overall...
on 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-07-18. "Earth Day Network Launches Great Global Clean Up". 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved...
been linked to a phenomenon called globaldimming. In 2005 Wild et al. and Pinker et al. found that the "dimming" trend had reversed since about 1990...
global climate model (GCM) A computer model of the world's climate system, including the atmosphere and oceans. global climate regime globaldimming The...
cooling effects as well (later referred to as globaldimming). Other theories for the causes of global warming were also proposed, involving forces from...
Tipping points in the climate system Flood basalt GlobaldimmingGlobal terrestrial stilling Global warming Hypercane Ice age Ecocide Ecological collapse...
Eilperin (2013-11-26). "Black carbon ranks as second-biggest human cause of global warming". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-12-04. Omidvarborna; et al...
Notably, the United Nations has also recently projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be by cities, with about 1.1 billion...
Stanhill, G.; S. Cohen (2001). "Globaldimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of...
shrouds Kuala Lumpur". NBC News. 11 August 2005. Figure 1. "The setting sun dimmed by dense haze over State College, Pennsylvania on 16 September 1992". "Haze...
aridification, salinization, urbanization, etc. Land degradation is a global problem largely related to agricultural use, deforestation and climate change...
international reference atmosphere (CIRA) Environmental impact of aviation Globaldimming Historical temperature record Ionosphere Hydrosphere Hypermobility (travel)...