"Zands" redirects here. For the tribe members, see Zand tribe.
Zand dynasty
Guarded Domains of Iran[1] ممالک محروسهٔ ایران
1751–1794
Flag
Emblem
The Zand dynasty at its zenith under Karim Khan in 1776.
Capital
Shiraz
Official languages
Persian
Religion
Twelver Shi'ism
Government
Monarchy
Vakilol Ro'aya (Advocate of People)
• 1751–1779
Karim Khan Zand (first)
• 1789–1794
Lotf Ali Khan Zand (last)
History
• Established
1751
• Qajar conquest
1794
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Azad Khan Afghan
Afsharid Iran
Qajar Iran
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1501–1736
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1722–1729
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1736–1796
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1751–1794
Modern period
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1789–1925
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1925–1979
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Iranian Revolution
1979
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1979
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1979–present
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The Zand dynasty (Persian: دودمان زندیان, romanized: Dudemāne Zandiyān) was an Iranian dynasty,[2] founded by Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of contemporary Iran (except for the provinces of Balochistan and Khorasan) as well as parts of Iraq. The lands of present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia were controlled by khanates which were de jure part of the Zand realm, but the region was de facto autonomous.[3] The island of Bahrain was also held for the Zands by the autonomous Al-Mazkur sheikhdom of Bushire.[4]
The reign of its most important ruler, Karim Khan, was marked by prosperity and peace. With its capital at Shiraz, arts and architecture flourished under Karim Khan's reign, with some themes in architecture being revived from the nearby sites of the Achaemenid (550–330 BC) and Sasanian (224–651 AD) era's of pre-Islamic Iran. The tombs of the medieval Persian poets Hafez and Saadi Shirazi were also renovated by Karim Khan. Distinctive Zand art which was produced at the behest of the Zand rulers became the foundation of later Qajar arts and crafts. Following the death of Karim Khan, Zand Iran went into decline due to internal disputes amongst members of the Zand dynasty. Its final ruler, Lotf Ali Khan Zand (r. 1789–1794), was eventually executed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789–1797) in 1794.
As noted by The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, "Karim Khan Zand holds an enduring reputation as the most humane Iranian ruler of the Islamic era".[5] When following the Islamic Revolution of 1979 the names of the past rulers of Iran became a taboo, the citizens of Shiraz refused to rename the Karim Khan Zand and Lotf Ali Khan Zand streets, the two main streets of Shiraz.[6]
^Werner. "Asnad.org Digital Persian Archives: Detail view document 23". www.asnad.org. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^"ZAND DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^Perry, John R. (14 May 2015). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66102-5.
^Floor, Willem M. (2007). The Persian Gulf: The Rise of the Gulf Arabs : the Politics of Trade on the Persian Littoral, 1747-1792. Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1-933823-18-8.
^Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Zand Dynasty". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
^Frye, Richard N. (2009). "Zand Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
The Zanddynasty (Persian: دودمان زندیان, romanized: Dudemāne Zandiyān) was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) that initially...
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Persian: محمدکریم خان زند, romanized: Mohammad Karīm Khân-e Zand; c. 1705 – 1779) was the founder of the ZandDynasty, ruling from...
Sadeq Khan Zand (Persian: صادقخان زند, d. 1781), also known as Mohammad Sadeq, was the fourth Shah of the Zanddynasty of Iran from August 22, 1779 until...
Zanddynasty. He ruled from 1789 to 1794. Lotf Ali Khan Zand came to power after a decade of infighting among a succession of violent and inept Zand chiefs...
control of Iran in 1794, deposing Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last Shah of the Zanddynasty, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the Caucasus...
green and red. Flag of the ZandDynasty Another Flag of the ZandDynasty The "Ya Karim" flag, which was a pun on Karim Khan Zand's name, and Al-Karim (the...
ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8. Perry, John R. [in Persian] (1991). "The Zanddynasty". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin R. G. [in Persian]; Melville, Charles...
The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی) is an Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded...
of which treatment they dare not complain" The Zanddynasty came to an end when Lotf Ali Khan Zand was murdered by the Aqa Muhammad Khan Qajar. An instrumental...
Khan Zand, (Persian: جعفر خان زند) was the seventh shah (king) of the Zanddynasty of Iran from 1785 to 1789. He was the son of Sadiq Khan Zand, who was...
star Zand Bank, a digital bank in United Arab Emirates Zand tribe, a former Lak tribe of western Iran, a member of which founded the ZanddynastyZand dynasty...
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521595728. Perry, John (1991). "The Zanddynasty". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic...
The Qajars, under their dynasty founder, Agha Mohammad Khan plundered and slaughtered the aristocrats of the previous Zanddynasty. Following this, Agha...
officially crowned until March 1796, having deposed Lotf Ali Khan of the Zanddynasty in 1794. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was famously the eunuch Monarch, being...
king of the Zanddynasty. His brief reign is indicative of the ruthless and brutal struggle for power that prevailed among members of the Zand family following...
the Mongols, to be killed, Genghis Khan declared war on the Anushtegin dynasty in 1219. The Mongols overran the empire, occupying the major cities and...
the word Al-Molkollah (Arabic: The earth of God). Two swords of Karim Khan Zand have gold-inlaid inscriptions which refer to the: "... celestial lion .....
in Western Armenia and Mesopotamia. Finally, Karim Khan founded the Zanddynasty and became ruler of Iran by 1760. Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, in...
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known...
led by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar against Zand forces led by Lotf Ali Khan (the last Shah of the Zanddynasty) which resulted in a decisive Qajar victory...
The Tahirid dynasty (Persian: طاهریان, romanized: Tâheriyân, pronounced [t̪ʰɒːheɾiˈjɒːn]) was an Arabized Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin...
to 1979, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty. The Pahlavi dynasty was created in 1925 and lasted until 1979, when it was ousted...
to remain de facto autonomous through the Zand period. From his capital Shiraz, Karim Khan of the Zanddynasty ruled "an island of relative calm and peace...
The Saffarid dynasty (Persian: صفاریان, romanized: safaryan) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater...
Macedonian Empire founded by Alexander the Great, and ruled by the Seleucid dynasty until its annexation by the Roman Republic under Pompey in 63 BC. After...
The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (/sɪˈluːsɪˌdiː/; Greek: Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was a Macedonian Greek royal family...