Foreign chemical substance found within an organism
Not to be confused with xenobiology.
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism, such as the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, or the chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators.[1] The term xenobiotic is also used to refer to organs transplanted from one species to another.
The term xenobiotics, however, is very often used in the context of pollutants such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and their effect on the biota, because xenobiotics are understood as substances foreign to an entire biological system, i.e. artificial substances, which did not exist in nature before their synthesis by humans. The term xenobiotic is derived from the Greek words ξένος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives -τικός, -ή, -όν (-tikos, -ē, -on). Xenobiotics may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.
^Mansuy D (2013). "Metabolism of xenobiotics: beneficial and adverse effects". Biol Aujourdhui. 207 (1): 33–37. doi:10.1051/jbio/2013003. PMID 23694723. S2CID 196540867.
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also...
organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living...
Xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical...
Environmental xenobiotics are xenobiotic compounds with a biological activity that are found as pollutants in the natural environment. Pharmaceutical drugs...
August 4, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009. xenobiotic metabolic process (April 13, 2013). "AmiGO: xenobiotic metabolic process Details". Amigo.geneontology...
expression. It was originally thought to function primarily as a sensor of xenobiotic chemicals and also as the regulator of enzymes such as cytochrome P450s...
compounds are called xenobiotics. Xenobiotics such as synthetic drugs, natural poisons and antibiotics are detoxified by a set of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes...
steroids, fatty acids, xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives...
P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body. In humans, the CYP1A2 enzyme is encoded by the CYP1A2...
these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding...
bioaccumulate xenobiotics (substances, drugs, metals, etc.) from tissue and bone, therefore allowing entomologists to determine if xenobiotics, most commonly...
pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites...
Glycine is thought to be a hepatic detoxifier of a number endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids. Bile acids are normally conjugated to glycine in order...
v t e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CARTooltip Constitutive androstane receptor Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb...
significantly impact the ingestion of xenobiotics. Efforts to understand the interaction between specific xenobiotics and the microbiome have traditionally...
v t e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CARTooltip Constitutive androstane receptor Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb...
variety of molecules. The most commonly known substrates of GSTs are xenobiotic synthetic chemicals. There are also classes of GSTs that utilize glutathione...
v t e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CARTooltip Constitutive androstane receptor Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb...
intestine's role of drug metabolism in the detoxification of antigens and xenobiotics. In most vertebrates, including fishes, amphibians, birds, reptiles,...
v t e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CARTooltip Constitutive androstane receptor Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb...
(October 2002). "The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (5): 687–702. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0038...
proteins that are physiologically needed in the cell for the exportation of xenobiotic compounds. They are divided into six families, each of which has a different...
example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production...
original on 27 March 2017. Parkinson A (2001). Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. McGraw-Hill. pp. 137–138, 169, 171, 180, 195, 208. Archived from the...
v t e Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators CARTooltip Constitutive androstane receptor Agonists: 6,7-Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb...
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