Xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms, and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds; however, in cases such as in the metabolism of alcohol, the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves be the cause of toxic effects.
Xenobiotic metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases. Finally, in phase III, the conjugated xenobiotics may be further processed, before being recognised by efflux transporters and pumped out of cells.
The reactions in these pathways are of particular interest in medicine as part of drug metabolism and as a factor contributing to multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and cancer chemotherapy. The actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture, since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides.
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25, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2013. L-60: XenobioticMetabolism (archived version). "Metabolism of Xenobiotics". Zoology.muohio.edu. Archived from the original...
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groups into their substrates) and II (conjugation enzymes) of the xenobioticmetabolism, as do mammals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, aryl sulfotransferase...
(October 2002). "The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobioticmetabolism". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (5): 687–702. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0038....
(October 2002). "The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobioticmetabolism". Endocrine Reviews. 23 (5): 687–702. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0038....
the amazing substrate range of many of the enzymes involved in xenobioticmetabolism, it shows a narrow substrate specificity. Secondly, intracellular...
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encoded by CYP3A4 gene. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body...
cytochrome P-450 and other membrane bound enzymes responsible for xenobioticmetabolism which leads to delayed bioelimination of sanguinarine and enhances...
Dansette, P. M. (2011). "Sulfenic acids as reactive intermediates in xenobioticmetabolism". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 507 (1): 174–185. doi:10...
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metabolism. Glutathione facilitates metabolism of xenobiotics. Glutathione S-transferase enzymes catalyze its conjugation to lipophilic xenobiotics,...
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Maline; Hollender, Juliane; Escher, Beate I. (2012). "Significance of XenobioticMetabolism for Bioaccumulation Kinetics of Organic Chemicals in Gammarus pulex"...
Dansette PM (2011). "Sulfenic acids as reactive intermediates in xenobioticmetabolism". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 507 (1): 174–185. doi:10...
methods to harness the naturally occurring ability of microbial xenobioticmetabolism to degrade, transform or accumulate environmental pollutants, including...
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