The War of the Heavenly Horses (simplified Chinese: 天马之战; traditional Chinese: 天馬之戰; pinyin: Tiānmǎ zhī Zhàn) or the Han–Dayuan War (simplified Chinese: 汉宛战争; traditional Chinese: 漢宛戰爭; pinyin: Hàn Yuān Zhànzhēng) was a military conflict fought in 104 BC and 102 BC between the Chinese Han dynasty and the Saka-ruled (Scythian) Greco-Bactrian kingdom known to the Chinese as Dayuan, in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the Greek empire (between modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). The war was allegedly instigated by trade disputes compounded by the extended geopolitics surrounding the Han-Xiongnu War, resulting in two Han expeditions that eventuated in a Han victory, allowing Han China to expand its hegemony deep into Central Asia (then known to the Chinese as the Western Regions).[1][2]
Emperor Wu of Han had received reports from diplomat Zhang Qian that Dayuan owned fast and powerful Ferghana horses known as the "heavenly horses", which would help greatly with improving the quality of their cavalry mounts when fighting the Xiongnu horse nomads, so he sent envoys to survey the region and establish trade routes to import these horses. However, the Dayuan king not only refused the deal, but also confiscated the payment gold, and had the Han ambassadors ambushed and killed on their way home. Humiliated and enraged, the Han court sent an army led by General Li Guangli to subdue Dayuan, but their first incursion was poorly organized and undersupplied. A second, larger and much better provisioned expedition was sent two years later and successfully laid siege to the Dayuan capital at Alexandria Eschate, and forced Dayuan to surrender unconditionally. The Han expeditionary forces installed a pro-Han regime in Dayuan and took back enough horses to improve Han's horse breeding.[3] This power projection also forced many smaller Tocharian oasis city-states in the Western Regions to switch their alliance from Xiongnu to the Han dynasty, which paved the way for the later establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions.
^Zhao Xu (2018-05-26). "The four-footed legends of the silk road". China Daily. Retrieved 2020-04-04. Reprinted as an advertisement feature: Zhao Xu (2018-06-21). "Heavenly horses, the four-footed legends of the Silk Road". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
^Benjamin 2018, pp. 72–74.
^Benjamin 2018, p. 85.
and 22 Related for: War of the Heavenly Horses information
The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 鴉片戰爭 Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) were two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during...
Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The conflict lasted for 14 years, from its outbreak in 1850 until the fall of Nanjing—which they...
Horses are an important motif in Chinese mythology. There are many myths about horses or horse-like beings, including the pony. Chinese mythology refers...
Ferghana horse History ofthehorse in South Asia Horses in warfare Mongol, 2007 Academy Award nominee WaroftheHeavenlyHorses American Museum of Natural...
"Warring States Period". World History Encyclopedia. Cook, Scott (2010). ""San De" and Warring States Views on Heavenly Retribution". Journal of Chinese...
books of 1 and 2 Maccabees are written. Gandhara and Punjab are ruled by the Indo-Greek king Demetrius III Aniketos. WaroftheHeavenlyHorses: the Han...
The following is a list of Chinese wars and battles, organized by date. Bai Lang Rebellion (1911–1913) Second Chinese Revolution (1913) World War I (1914–1918)...
The First Opium War (Chinese: 第一次鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Dìyīcì yāpiàn zhànzhēng), also known as the Anglo-Chinese War, was a series of military engagements fought...
Jintian uprising during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era. Ma Fuyi (馬福益) and Huaxinghui was involved in an uprising in the three areas of Pingxiang, Liuyang...
of the HeavenlyHorses After having fought their way west across arid regions, the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli fails to capture the Dayuan...
theWaroftheHeavenlyHorses between the Chinese and the Ferghana confederations, and the eventual Chinese victory led to the establishment ofthe Protectorate...
he sent his son and a gift of 5,000 horses to the Han court. When the prince and his escort of 10,000 soldiers reached the Yalu River, Xun Zhi reasoned...
The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government ofthe Republic of China and the forces ofthe Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with...
becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC. WaroftheHeavenlyHorses: Emperor Wu of Han sends an army of 6000 cavalrymen and 10,000 convicts...
the Qing with sizable forces numbering 14,000 soldiers and 185 warships under their command. Appreciating the usefulness of their navy in future war effort...
making it one ofthe most famous trade routes in history and in the world. After winning theWaroftheHeavenlyHorses and the Han–Xiongnu War, Chinese armies...