For other uses, see Chinese Civil War (disambiguation).
Chinese Civil War
Part of the interwar period, the Chinese Communist Revolution and the Cold War (from 1947)
Clockwise from top left Communist troops at the Battle of Siping; National Revolutionary Army troops at the Shangdang Campaign; Chiang Kai-shek inspecting soldiers; ROCA members board a ship to retreat to Taiwan in 1949; Mao Zedong in the 1930s; CCP general Su Yu inspecting the troops shortly before the Menglianggu campaign
Date
1 August 1927[1] – 26 December 1936 (first phase) (9 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
10 August 1945 – 7 December 1949 (second phase) (4 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Mainland China
Result
Communist victory
Territorial changes
Communist control of mainland China
People's Republic of China established
Nationalist government retreat to Taiwan
Belligerents
1927–1936: Republic of China
Kuomintang
National Revolutionary Army
1927–1936: Chinese Communist Party
Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)
Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
Fujian People's Government (1933–1934)
1945–1949: Republic of China
Kuomintang
Republic of China Armed Forces
1945–1949: Chinese Communist Party
Communist troops and militia
Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945–1945)
People's Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders
Chiang Kai-shek
(Director-General of the Kuomintang)
Other leaders
Bai Chongxi
Chen Cheng
Qiu Qingquan
Li Zongren
Yan Xishan
He Yingqin
Hu Zongnan
Gu Zhutong
Wei Lihuang
Du Yuming
Sun Li-jen
Fu Zuoyi
Liu Zhi
Xue Yue
Wang Yaowu
Tang Enbo
Huang Baitao †
Zhang Lingfu †
Zhang Xueliang
Feng Yuxiang
(until 1930)
Mao Zedong
(Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party)
Other leaders
Zhu De
Peng Dehuai
Zhou Enlai
Lin Biao
Liu Bocheng
He Long
Chen Yi
Luo Ronghuan
Xu Xiangqian
Nie Rongzhen
Ye Jianying
Deng Xiaoping
Su Yu
Chen Geng
Wang Jiaxiang
Ye Ting †
Bo Gu †
Li De
Zhang Guotao
(until 1936)
Strength
2 million (regular) 2.3 million (militia) (June 1946)[2][3][4]
1.2 million (regular) 2.6 million (militia) (July 1945)[3][5]
Casualties and losses
1.5–1.7 million (1945–1949)[6][4][7] 370,000~ killed[8][9]
2.8+ million (1945–1949) 263,800 killed 190,000 missing 850,000 wounded (1945–1949)[10][6]
Above one estimate 1945–1949 set for combatants, with overall up to 6 million (including civilians)[6]
Early phase, 1928–1937: c. 7 million (including civilians)[11]
Concluding phase, 1945–1949: c. 2.5 million (including civilians)[12]
v
t
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Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
Outline of the Chinese Civil War
First Phase (1927–1937)
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Encirclement campaigns
Long March
Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
Operation Beleaguer
Northeast China
Liaoshen
Huaihai
Pingjin
Yangtze River
Shanghai
Hainan
Guningtou
Wanshan
Aftermath
Xinjiang
Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
China–Burma border
Cross-strait conflict
Chinese Civil War
Traditional Chinese
國共內戰
Simplified Chinese
国共内战
Literal meaning
Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Guó-Gòng Nèizhàn
Bopomofo
ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄋㄟˋ ㄓㄢˋ
Wade–Giles
Kuo2-Kung4 Nei4-chan4
Tongyong Pinyin
Guó-Gòng Nèi-jhàn
IPA
[kwǒ.kʊ̂ŋ nêɪ.ʈʂân]
Wu
Romanization
koh-gon-ne-tsoe
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
gwok3 gung6 noi6 zin3
IPA
[kʷɔːk̚˧ koŋ˨ nɔːi˨ tsiːn˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
kok-kiōng lāi-chiàn
Part of a series on the
Chinese Communist Revolution
Mao Zedong and leading revolutionaries proclaim the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.
Outline of the Chinese Civil War
Origins
Context
Century of Humiliation
1911 Revolution
Warlord Era
Ideas
Nationalism
Anarchism
Marxism
Movements
New Culture Movement
May Fourth Movement
Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
Early history
First United Front
Founding of the Communist Party
Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International
Sun–Joffe Manifesto
Left Kuomintang
Peasant Movement Training Institute
Canton Coup
28 Bolsheviks
Labor organizing
1922 seamen's strike
May Thirtieth Movement
Canton–Hong Kong strike
Northern Expedition
Wuhan Government
Hunan Report
Hankou incident
Nanjing Incident
Shanghai Commune
Break with the KMT
Civil War
Aftermath of purge
Nanchang
Little Long March
Autumn Harvest
Guangzhou
Internal Purges
AB League Incident
Futian incident
Chinese Soviet Republic
Jiangxi Soviet
Chinese Red Army
Long March
Zunyi Conference
Anti-Japanese resistance
Xi'an Incident
Second United Front
Second Sino-Japanese War
New Fourth Army
Eighth Route Army
East River Column
Hundred Regiments Offensive
New Fourth Army Incident
Communist base areas
Yan'an Soviet
Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region
Yan'an Rectification Campaign
Yan'an Forum
Women's movement
Resumed Civil War
Military conflict
"Millet plus rifles"
People's Liberation Army
Operation Beleaguer
Liaoshen campaign
Huaihai campaign
Pingjin campaign
Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan
Urban support for Communists
China Democratic League
Shen Chong case
Jiaochangkou incident
Yu Zisan Incident
Revolutionary Committee of the KMT
Forming the People's Republic
Government
Central People's Government
Writing the Constitution
1954 Constitution
Reforms
Land Reform
New Marriage Law
First five-year plan
Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
Suppression of counterrevolutionaries
Foreign relations
Sino-Soviet Cooperation
Annexation of Tibet
Intervention in Korea
Intervention in Vietnam
Legacy
Mao Zedong Thought
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
National Day
100th Anniversary of the CCP
China portal
Communism portal
v
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The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with armed conflict continuing intermittently from 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949, resulting in a CCP victory and control of mainland China in the Chinese Communist Revolution.
The war is generally divided into the First Kuomintang-Communist Civil War and the Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War with an interlude: from August 1927 to 1937, the First United Front collapsed during the Northern Expedition, and the Nationalists controlled most of China. From 1937 to 1945, hostilities were mostly put on hold as the Second United Front fought the Second Sino-Japanese War with eventual help from the Allies of World War II, although co-operation between the KMT and CCP during this time was minimal and armed clashes between the groups were common. Exacerbating the divisions within China further was the formation of the Wang Jingwei regime, sponsored by Japan and ostensibly led by Wang Jingwei, which was established to nominally govern the regions of China that came under Japanese occupation.
The civil war resumed as soon as it became apparent that Japanese defeat was imminent, with the CCP gaining the upper hand in the second phase of the war from 1945 to 1949.
The CCP gained control of mainland China and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949, forcing the leadership of the Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.[13] Starting in the 1950s, a lasting political and military standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait has ensued, with the ROC in Taiwan and the PRC in mainland China both claiming to be the legitimate government of all China. After the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, both tacitly ceased to engage in open conflict in 1979; however, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed.[14]
^Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295. ISBN 9781598844153. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
^Li, Xiaobing (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7224-8. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ abHsiung, James C. (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945. New York: M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 1-56324-246-X. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
^ abSarker, Sunil Kumar (1994). The Rise and Fall of Communism. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171565153. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
^曹, 前发. "毛泽东的独创:"兵民是胜利之本"". 中国共产党新闻网. 人民网-中国共产党新闻网. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
^ abcLynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3.[permanent dead link]
^Ho. Studies in the Population of China. p. 253.
^Ho. Studies in the Population of China. p. 253.
^White, Matthew (2011). Atrocities. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
^The History of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Beijing: People's Liberation Army Press. 1983.
^"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^Lew, Christopher R.; Leung, Pak-Wah, eds. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-0810878730. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
^Green, Leslie C. The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. p. 79.
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