War of the First Coalition information

War of the First Coalition
	Part of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Coalition Wars
	War of the first coalition ; Click an image to load the appropriate article.; Left to right, top to bottom:; Battles of Valmy, Toulon, Fleurus, Quiberon, Arcole and Mantua
Date	20 April 1792 – 17 October 1797; (5 years, 5 months and 4 weeks)
Location	France, Central Europe, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, West Indies
Result	French victory; Treaty of The Hague, Treaty of Paris, Peaces of Basel, Treaty of Tolentino, Treaty of Campo Formio Establishment and survival of the French Republic; Napoleon becomes a political actor; Hostilities resume in 1798 with the formation of a Second Coalition against France;
Territorial; changes	French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine, Savoy and other smaller territories; Santo Domingo to France; Several French "sister republics" established; End of millennial Venetian independence;
Belligerents
First Coalition:; Dutch Republic; (until 1795); French Royalists; Great Britain; Holy Roman Empire (until 1797) Hesse-Kassel (until 1795); Württemberg (until 1796); Baden (until 1796); Papal States (until 1797); Parma (until 1796); Portugal; Prussia (until 1795); Sardinia (until 1796); Spain (until 1795); Naples (until 1796) ; Other Italian states	Kingdom of France (until 1792); French Republic (from 1792) French satellites: Batavian Republic (from 1795); Sister republics; French naval allies: Spain (from 1796, naval only);
Commanders and leaders
Emperor Francis II; King George III; Prime Minister William Pitt; King Charles IV; (until 1795); King Ferdinand IV; King Frederick William II; Duke of Brunswick; King Victor Amadeus III; Prince Regent John; Pope Pius VI; Grand Duke Ferdinand III; Duke Ferdinand I; Duke Hercule III; Duchess Mary Beatrix; Duke Frederick II; Doge Ludovico Manin; Doge Giacomo Maria Brignole; Margrave Charles Frederick; Landgrave William I; Stadtholder William V; Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel; Prince Honoré III; Federal Diet;	King Louis XVI ; Jacques Pierre Brissot, Deputy of the National Convention ; President of the National Convention Maximilien Robespierre ; General Napoleon Bonaparte; President of the Directory Paul Barras ; (from 1795);
Strength
	1794: 1,169,000;
Casualties and losses
94,000 soldiers killed in combat; ~282,000 died of disease; 220,000 captured; 100,000 wounded	100,000 soldiers killed in combat; ~300,000 died of disease; 150,000 captured

Coalition Wars

1000km
620miles

Waterloo

9

8

7

Austria

6

Prussia

5

Germany

4

Italy

3

Egypt

2

France

1

Key:

1

First Coalition: France 1792:...Toulon...

2

Second Coalition: Egypt 1798:...Pyramids...

3

Second Coalition: Italy 1799:...Marengo...

4

Third Coalition: Germany 1803:...Austerlitz...

5

Fourth Coalition: Prussia 1806:...Jena...

6

Fifth Coalition: Austria 1809:...Wagram...

7

Sixth Coalition: Germany 1813:...Leipzig...

8

Sixth Coalition: France 1814:...Paris...

9

Seventh Coalition: Belgium 1815:...Waterloo...

The War of the First Coalition (French: Guerre de la Première Coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.^[19] They were only loosely allied and fought without much apparent coordination or agreement; each power had its eye on a different part of France it wanted to appropriate after a French defeat, which never occurred.^[20]

Relations between the French revolutionaries and neighbouring monarchies had deteriorated following the Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791. Eight months later, following a vote of the revolutionary-led Legislative Assembly, France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792; Prussia, having allied with Austria in February, declared war on France in June 1792. In July 1792, an army under the Duke of Brunswick and composed mostly of Prussians joined the Austrian side and invaded France. The capture of Verdun (2 September 1792) triggered the September massacres in Paris. France counterattacked with victory at Valmy (20 September) and two days later the Legislative Assembly proclaimed the French Republic.

Subsequently, these powers made several invasions of France by land and sea, in association with Prussia and Austria attacking from the Austrian Netherlands and the Rhine, and Great Britain supporting revolts in provincial France and laying siege to Toulon in October 1793. France suffered reverses (Battle of Neerwinden, 18 March 1793) and internal strife (War in the Vendée) and responded with draconian measures. The Committee of Public Safety was formed (6 April 1793) and the levée en masse drafted all potential soldiers aged 18 to 25 (August 1793). The new French armies counterattacked, repelled the invaders, and advanced beyond France.

The French established the Batavian Republic as a sister republic (May 1795) and gained Prussian recognition of French control of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the first Peace of Basel. With the Treaty of Campo Formio, Austria ceded the Austrian Netherlands to France and Northern Italy was turned into several French sister republics. Spain made a separate peace accord with France (Second Treaty of Basel) and the French Directory annexed more of the Holy Roman Empire.

North of the Alps, Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen redressed the situation in 1796, but Napoleon Bonaparte carried all before him against Sardinia and Austria in northern Italy (1796–1797) near the Po Valley, culminating in the Peace of Leoben and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797). The First Coalition collapsed, leaving only Britain in the field fighting against France.

^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
^ <https://www.britannica.com/event/Wars-of-the-Vendee
^ Including the Army of Condé
^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the Duchy of Modena and the Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
^ ^a ^b ^c Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
^ ^a ^b Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.
^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.
^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
^ Virtually all of the Italian states, including the neutral Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as well the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, were conquered following Napoleon's invasion in 1796 and became French satellite states. The Principality of Monaco had been annexed in 1793. Even Switzerland began to be involved into the conflict through its associated Three Leagues that lost the Val Telline.
^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
^ Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
^ The coalition was prepared by Emperor Leopold II: "The French Revolution, 1789–1799".; "Austria's Leopold II on the French Revolution (1791)". 30 March 2015.
^ Lynn, John A. (1994). Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715. French Historical Studies 18, no. 4: 881–906, p. 904. Only counting frontline army troops, not naval personnel, militiamen, or reserves; the National Guard alone was supposed to provide a reserve of 1,200,000 men in 1789.
^ ^a ^b Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IV Guerras de la Revolución Francesa (1789 a 1815)
^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th edition, MacFarland. p. 100.
^ Clodfelter, p. 100.
^ Holland 1911, Battle of Valmy.
^ (in Dutch) Shusterman, Noah (2015). De Franse Revolutie (The French Revolution). Veen Media, Amsterdam. (Translation of: The French Revolution. Faith, Desire, and Politics. Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 7, pp. 271–312: The federalist revolts, the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror (summer–fall 1793).

[1] Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.

[2] <https://www.britannica.com/event/Wars-of-the-Vendee

[3] Including the Army of Condé

[4] Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the Duchy of Modena and the Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.

[auto-5] Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.

[autos-6] Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.

[7] Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.

[8] Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.

[9] Virtually all of the Italian states, including the neutral Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as well the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, were conquered following Napoleon's invasion in 1796 and became French satellite states. The Principality of Monaco had been annexed in 1793. Even Switzerland began to be involved into the conflict through its associated Three Leagues that lost the Val Telline.

[10] Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.

[11] The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.

[12] Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797

[13] Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.

[14] The coalition was prepared by Emperor Leopold II: "The French Revolution, 1789–1799".; "Austria's Leopold II on the French Revolution (1791)". 30 March 2015.

[15] Lynn, John A. (1994). Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715. French Historical Studies 18, no. 4: 881–906, p. 904. Only counting frontline army troops, not naval personnel, militiamen, or reserves; the National Guard alone was supposed to provide a reserve of 1,200,000 men in 1789.

[auto1-16] Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IV Guerras de la Revolución Francesa (1789 a 1815)

[17] Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th edition, MacFarland. p. 100.

[18] Clodfelter, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEHolland1911Battle_of_Valmy-19] Holland 1911, Battle of Valmy.

[Shus-7-20] (in Dutch) Shusterman, Noah (2015). De Franse Revolutie (The French Revolution). Veen Media, Amsterdam. (Translation of: The French Revolution. Faith, Desire, and Politics. Routledge, London/New York, 2014.) Chapter 7, pp. 271–312: The federalist revolts, the Vendée and the beginning of the Terror (summer–fall 1793).

War of the First Coalition information

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