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Worker placing a tire in a mold before vulcanization.
Vulcanization (British English: Vulcanisation) is a range of processes for hardening rubbers.[1] The term originally referred exclusively to the treatment of natural rubber with sulfur, which remains the most common practice. It has also grown to include the hardening of other (synthetic) rubbers via various means. Examples include silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanizing and chloroprene rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides.
Vulcanization can be defined as the curing of elastomers, with the terms 'vulcanization' and 'curing' sometimes used interchangeably in this context. It works by forming cross-links between sections of the polymer chain which results in increased rigidity and durability, as well as other changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the material.[2] Vulcanization, in common with the curing of other thermosetting polymers, is generally irreversible.
The word was suggested by William Brockedon (a friend of Thomas Hancock who attained the British patent for the process) coming from the god Vulcan who was associated with heat and sulfur in volcanoes.[3]
^Akiba, M (1997). "Vulcanization and crosslinking in elastomers". Progress in Polymer Science. 22 (3): 475–521. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00015-9.
^James E. Mark; Burak Erman; F. R. Eirich, eds. (2005). Science and Technology of Rubber. p. 768. ISBN 0-12-464786-3.
^Hancock, Thomas (1857). Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc Or India-Rubber Manufacture in England. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. p. 107.
silicone rubber via room temperature vulcanizing and chloroprene rubber (neoprene) using metal oxides. Vulcanization can be defined as the curing of elastomers...
developing de-vulcanization (see tire recycling) processes for recycling of rubber waste but with little success. The details of vulcanization remain murky...
properties and applications. Vulcanization of rubber can be categorized primarily into two types: sulfur and peroxide vulcanization. Both chemical processes...
Vulcanized fibre or red fibre is a laminated plastic composed of only cellulose. The material is a tough, resilient, hornlike material that is lighter...
Inverse vulcanization is a process that produces polysulfide polymers, which also contain some organic linkers. In contrast, sulfur vulcanization produces...
footwear under the Goodyear vulcanization process. William Henry Goodyear, his son Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Vulcanization Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl...
NVF Company, formerly known as National Vulcanized Fiber, was a private company based in Yorklyn, Delaware. One of its original products, a sheet-like...
oxidization, but it can be stabilized through a heating process called vulcanization. Vulcanization is a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur, peroxide...
is called vulcanization. The sulfur chains attach themselves to the allylic carbon atoms, which are adjacent to C=C linkages. Vulcanization is a step...
to −30 °C for new types. In terms of vulcanization, the standard method for the old type is amine vulcanization. To minimize permanent deformation, the...
(requiring vulcanization) but may also be thermoplastic (see thermoplastic elastomer). The long polymer chains cross-link during curing (i.e. vulcanizing). The...
index, cures more rapidly than a compound with a higher vulcanization index. Optimum vulcanization time at the experimental temperature employed (top), which...
lowers the pH, thereby causing gelation. In the next process step, vulcanization locks the foam into a uniform bubble distribution. After the foamer...
brand name for a material generically known as hard rubber, obtained via vulcanizing natural rubber for prolonged periods. Ebonite may contain from 25% to...
spin casting process typically uses vulcanized silicone or organic rubber as the mold-making substrate. Vulcanization is an integral step that occurs halfway...
tire wear. In the Philippines, roadside tire repair shops are called vulcanizing shops in Philippine English. They specialize in quickly and cheaply repairing...
"activator" for accelerated rubber sulfur vulcanization. As discovered in the early days of vulcanization, zinc has a beneficial effect on the reaction...
Charles Goodyear Medal Synthetic rubber Thermoplastic elastomer Vulcanization "What is Vulcanized Rubber?". WiseGEEK. 19 January 2024. "History of Rubber"....
with the formula C6H4(NH)SC=S. A white solid, it is used in the sulfur vulcanization of rubber. The molecule is planar with a C=S double bond, so the name...
thread and stuffed with feathers. Modern tennis balls are made of hollow vulcanized rubber with a felt coating. Traditionally white, the predominant colour...
percent chlorosulfonyl (ClSO2-) groups. These reactive groups allow for vulcanization, which strongly affects the physical durability of the products. An...
carbon disulfide. Ethylene thioureas are an excellent accelerant of vulcanization of neoprene rubbers. In commercial use is the N,N'-diphenylethylenethiourea...
automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named vulcanization, after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism. Being abundantly available...
propylene, and a diene comonomer that enables crosslinking via sulfur vulcanization. Typically used dienes in the manufacture of EPDM rubbers are ethylidene...
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