For other uses of "VPU", see VPU (disambiguation).
Vpu
structure of the channel-forming trans-membrane domain of virus protein "u" (vpu) from HIV-1
Identifiers
Symbol
Vpu
Pfam
PF00558
InterPro
IPR008187
SCOP2
1vpu / SCOPe / SUPFAM
TCDB
1.A.40
OPM superfamily
262
OPM protein
2k7y
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Viral Protein Unique
Identifiers
Organism
HIV-1
Symbol
vpu
Entrez
155945
RefSeq (Prot)
NP_057855.1
UniProt
P05919
Other data
Chromosome
viral genome: 0.01 - 0.01 Mb
Search for
Structures
Swiss-model
Domains
InterPro
Vpu is an accessory protein that in HIV is encoded by the vpu gene. Vpu stands for "Viral Protein U". The Vpu protein acts in the degradation of CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the enhancement of virion release from the plasma membrane of infected cells.[1] Vpu induces the degradation of the CD4 viral receptor and therefore participates in the general downregulation of CD4 expression during the course of HIV infection. Vpu-mediated CD4 degradation is thought to prevent CD4-Env binding in the endoplasmic reticulum to facilitate proper Env assembly into virions.[2] It is found in the membranes of infected cells, but not the virus particles themselves.
The Vpu gene is found exclusively in HIV-1 and some HIV-1-related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates, such as SIVcpz, SIVgsn, and SIVmon, but not in HIV-2 or the majority of SIV isolates.[3] Structural similarities between Vpu and another small viral protein, M2, encoded by influenza A virus were first noted soon after the discovery of Vpu. Since then, Vpu has been shown to form cation-selective ion channels when expressed in Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells and also when purified and reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers.[4] Vpu also permeabilizes membranes of bacteria and mammalian cells to small molecules.[5] Therefore, it is considered a member of the Viroporins family.[6]
^Bour S, Schubert U, Strebel K (March 1995). "The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein specifically binds to the cytoplasmic domain of CD4: implications for the mechanism of degradation". Journal of Virology. 69 (3): 1510–20. doi:10.1128/JVI.69.3.1510-1520.1995. PMC 188742. PMID 7853484.
^Estrabaud E, Le Rouzic E, Lopez-Vergès S, Morel M, Belaïdouni N, Benarous R, Transy C, Berlioz-Torrent C, Margottin-Goguet F (July 2007). "Regulated degradation of the HIV-1 Vpu protein through a betaTrCP-independent pathway limits the release of viral particles". PLOS Pathog. 3 (7): e104. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030104. PMC 1933454. PMID 17676996.
^Hussain A, Wesley C, Khalid M, Chaudhry A, Jameel S (January 2008). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein interacts with CD74 and modulates major histocompatibility complex class II presentation" (PDF). Journal of Virology. 82 (2): 893–902. doi:10.1128/JVI.01373-07. PMC 2224584. PMID 17959659.
^Ewart GD, Sutherland T, Gage PW, Cox GB (October 1996). "The Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 forms cation-selective ion channels". Journal of Virology. 70 (10): 7108–15. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.10.7108-7115.1996. PMC 190763. PMID 8794357.
^Gonzalez ME, Carrasco L (September 1998). "The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein enhances membrane permeability". Biochemistry. 37 (39): 13710–9. doi:10.1021/bi981527f. hdl:20.500.12105/7976. PMID 9753459.
Vpu is an accessory protein that in HIV is encoded by the vpu gene. Vpu stands for "Viral Protein U". The Vpuprotein acts in the degradation of CD4 in...
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class I and class II molecules. Nef also interacts with SH3 domains. The vpuprotein (p16) influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells...
(1996). "The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpuprotein: a potential regulator of proteolysis and protein transport in the mammalian secretory pathway"...
SIVs use the Nef protein to remove tetherin from the cell membrane whereas HIV-1 uses the Vpuprotein degrade the defence protein. Tetherin is a conserved...
Accessory proteins: Nef: negative factor Vpr: regulatory protein Vif: APOBEC3 inhibitor Vpu/Vpx: unique to each type of HIV p6: part of gag Serological...
HIV-1 overcomes this restriction through vpu. Vpu interacts with tetherin by interacting with the protein at its transmembrane domain and recruiting...
established functional effects exerted through protein-protein interactions. For example, the HIV-1 viroporin Vpu promotes viral budding through interactions...
Pacyniak E, Gomez LM, Gomez ML, Stephens EB (July 2004). "Vpu: a multifunctional protein that enhances the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus...
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(December 2001). "Association of Vpu-binding protein with microtubules and Vpu-dependent redistribution of HIV-1 Gag protein". Virology. 291 (2): 198–207...
HIV-1 accessory proteinVpu. Subsequently, another inhibitor of HIV-1 replication was discovered in his lab, Mx2, a cellular protein shown to inhibit...
Human immunodeficiency virus type I Vpu channel family 1.A.41 Avian reovirus p10 Vvroporin family 1.A.42 HIV viral protein R family 1.A.43 Camphor resistance...
structure to the protein Vpr that is carried by SIV and HIV-2 as well as HIV-1. Vpx is one of five accessory proteins (Vif, Vpx, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef) carried...
lysosomes from trans-Golgi. Nef and Vpuproteins can also direct CD4 co-receptor for lysosomal (Nef) or cytosolic proteasomal (Vpu) degradation, affecting the...
term "visual processing unit" or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002. The AMD Alveo MA35D features dual VPU’s, each using the 5 nm process in...
display many of the attributes of HIV-1 accessory gene products such as Vpr, Vpu or Nef.[citation needed] Among these subtypes, genetic sequences are mostly...
Bour SP, Durand H, et al. (1998). "A novel human WD protein, h-beta TrCp, that interacts with HIV-1 Vpu connects CD4 to the ER degradation pathway through...
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