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The Visual Dominance Ratio is a nonverbal behavioral indicator of a person's perceived dominance over another person based on eye contact in an interaction. The ratio is calculated from the proportion of time spent looking while speaking versus the proportion of time spent looking while listening.[1] Studies have shown that a relatively high VDR (Visual Dominance Ratio) indicated relatively high social power.[2] The correlation of social power and VDR between same-sex interactions is strong, and the results have proven consistent in multiple studies despite whether social power has been calculated by personality variables,[3] expert power,[4] military rank,[5] or educational acquisition.[6]
^Dovidio, John F.; Ellyson, Steve L. (1982). "Decoding Visual Dominance: Attributions of Power Based on Relative Percentages of Looking While Speaking and Looking While Listening". Social Psychology Quarterly. 45 (2): 106–113. doi:10.2307/3033933. ISSN 0190-2725. JSTOR 3033933.
^Dovidio, John F.; Ellyson, Steve L.; Keating, Caroline F.; Heltman, Karen; Brown, Clifford E. (1988). "The relationship of social power to visual displays of dominance between men and women". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 54 (2): 233–242. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.233. ISSN 1939-1315.
^Ellyson, Steve L.; Dovidio, John F.; Corson, Randi L.; Vinicur, Debbie L. (September 1980). "Visual Dominance Behavior in Female Dyads: Situational and Personality Factors". Social Psychology Quarterly. 43 (3): 328. doi:10.2307/3033735. ISSN 0190-2725. JSTOR 3033735.
^Ellyson, Steve L.; Dovidio, John F.; Corson, Randi L. (1981). "Visual behavior differences in females as a function of self-perceived expertise". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 5 (3): 164–171. doi:10.1007/bf00986133. ISSN 0191-5886.
^Exline, Ralph V.; Ellyson, Steve L.; Long, Barbara (1975), "Visual Behavior as an Aspect of Power Role Relationships", Nonverbal Communication of Aggression, Springer US, pp. 21–52, doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2835-3_2, ISBN 9781468428377
^Ellyson, Steve L.; Dovidio, John F.; Corson, Randi L.; Vinicur, Debbie L. (September 1980). "Visual Dominance Behavior in Female Dyads: Situational and Personality Factors". Social Psychology Quarterly. 43 (3): 328. doi:10.2307/3033735. ISSN 0190-2725. JSTOR 3033735.
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