Vespula pensylvanica, the western yellowjacket, is a Nearctic species of wasp in the genus Vespula.[1][2] It is native to regions of North America, largely in areas with northern temperate climates. Its reproductive behavior is constrained by cold weather, which successfully reduces the number of western yellowjackets in cold months. However, in the absence of cold weather, this wasp's population can explode. The western yellowjacket has become particularly invasive in the Hawaiian Islands, resulting in their label as a major pest.[3][4]
^"Issg Database: Ecology of Vespula Pensylvanica." Issg Database: Ecology of Vespula Pensylvanica. Web. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=174&fr=1&sts=>.
^Akre, Roger D., Albert Greene, John F. MacDonald, Peter J. Landolt, and Harry G. Davis. Agricultural Handbook Number 552. United States Department of Agriculture, 1981. Print.
^Invasive Species in the Pacific: A Technical Review and Draft Regional Strategy. Samoa: South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, 2000. Print.
^Wilson, E. E., L. M. Mullen, and D. A. Holway. "Life History Plasticity Magnifies the Ecological Effects of a Social Wasp Invasion." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.31 (2009): 12809-2813. Web.
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