Type of vision with two eyes facing the same direction
Principle of binocular vision with horopter shown
In biology, binocular vision is a type of vision in which an animal has two eyes capable of facing the same direction to perceive a single three-dimensional image of its surroundings. Binocular vision does not typically refer to vision where an animal has eyes on opposite sides of its head and shares no field of view between them, like in some animals.[which?]
Neurological researcher Manfred Fahle has stated six specific advantages of having two eyes rather than just one:[1]
It gives a creature a "spare eye" in case one is damaged.
It gives a wider field of view. For example, humans have a maximum horizontal field of view of approximately 190 degrees with two eyes, approximately 120 degrees of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked by two uniocular fields (seen by only one eye) of approximately 40 degrees.[2]
It can give stereopsis in which binocular disparity (or parallax) provided by the two eyes' different positions on the head gives precise depth perception. This also allows a creature to break the camouflage of another creature.
It allows the angles of the eyes' lines of sight, relative to each other (vergence), and those lines relative to a particular object (gaze angle)[3] to be determined from the images in the two eyes.[4] These properties are necessary for the third advantage.
It allows a creature to see more of, or all of, an object behind an obstacle. This advantage was pointed out by Leonardo da Vinci, who noted that a vertical column closer to the eyes than an object at which a creature is looking might block some of the object from the left eye but that part of the object might be visible to the right eye.
It gives binocular summation in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced.[5]
Other phenomena of binocular vision include utrocular discrimination (the ability to tell which of two eyes has been stimulated by light),[6] eye dominance (the habit of using one eye when aiming something, even if both eyes are open),[7] allelotropia (the averaging of the visual direction of objects viewed by each eye when both eyes are open),[8] binocular fusion or singleness of vision (seeing one object with both eyes despite each eye having its own image of the object),[9] and binocular rivalry (seeing one eye's image alternating randomly with the other when each eye views images that are so different they cannot be fused).[10]
Binocular vision helps with performance skills such as catching, grasping, and locomotion.[11] It also allows humans to walk over and around obstacles at greater speed and with more assurance.[12] Optometrists and orthoptists are eyecare professionals who fix binocular vision problems.
^Fahle, M (1987). "Wozu zwei Augen? [Why two eyes?]". Naturwissenschaften. 74 (8): 383–385. Bibcode:1987NW.....74..383F. doi:10.1007/BF00405466. PMID 3657989. S2CID 32015271.
^
Henson, D.B. (1993). Visual Fields. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^Longuet-Higgins, H. C. (1982). "The role of the vertical dimension in stereoscopic vision". Perception. 11 (4): 377–386. doi:10.1068/p110377. PMID 7182797. S2CID 24721194.
^
Blake, Randolph; Fox, Robert (August 1973). "The psychophysical inquiry into binocular summation". Perception & Psychophysics. 14 (1): 161–85. doi:10.3758/BF03198631.
^Blake, R.; Cormack, R. H. (1979). "On utrocular discrimination". Perception & Psychophysics. 26: 53–68. doi:10.3758/BF03199861.
^Miles, W. R. (1930). "Ocular dominance in human adults". Journal of General Psychology. 3 (3): 412–430. doi:10.1080/00221309.1930.9918218.
^Hariharan-Vilupuru, S.; Bedell, H. E. (2009). "The perceived visual direction of monocular objects in random-dot stereograms is influenced by perceived depth and allelotropia". Vision Research. 49 (2): 190–201. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.009. PMID 18992271.
^
Panum, P. L. (1858). Über die einheitliche Verschmelzung verschiedenartiger Netzhauteindrucke beim Sehen mit zwei Augen. Kiel.
^Wheatstone, C (1838). "Contributions to the physiology of vision.—Part the First. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phænomena of binocular vision". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 128: 371–394. Bibcode:1838RSPT..128..371W. doi:10.1098/rstl.1838.0019. S2CID 36512205.
^Heinen, T., & Vinken, P. M. (2011). Monocular and binocular vision in the performance of a complex skill. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 10(3), 520-527. Retrieved from: http://www.jssm.org/
^Hayhoe M, Gillam B, Chajka K, Vecellio E (2009). "The role of binocular vision in walking". Visual Neuroscience. 26 (1): 73–80. doi:10.1017/S0952523808080838. PMC 2857785. PMID 19152718.
In biology, binocularvision is a type of vision in which an animal has two eyes capable of facing the same direction to perceive a single three-dimensional...
means of binocular disparity through binocularvision. It is not the only contributor to depth perception, but it is a major one. Binocularvision occurs...
one eye. Binocular cues include retinal disparity, which exploits parallax and vergence. Stereopsis is made possible with binocularvision. Monocular...
mind uses binocular disparity to extract depth information from the two-dimensional retinal images in stereopsis. In computer vision, binocular disparity...
eye has of a three-dimensional scene, called binocular parallax. Individuals with disordered binocularvision and who cannot perceive depth may require a...
convergence insufficiency or other stereo vision anomalies have become prime examples of neuroplasticity; binocularvision improvements and stereopsis recovery...
point in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocularvision) when viewing distant objects. Most binoculars are sized to be held...
Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon of visual perception in which perception alternates between different images presented to each eye. When one image is...
Coelurosaurs, for example, had good stereoscopic or binocularvision, whereas large carnosaurs had poor binocularvision, comparable to that of modern alligators...
amblyopia have binocular abnormalities such as impaired stereoacuity (stereoscopic acuity) and abnormal binocular summation. Also, central vision in amblyopes...
enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocularvision. The word stereoscopy derives from Greek στερεός (stereos) 'firm, solid'...
visionvision is known as seeing and using only one eye in the human species. Depth perception in monocular vision is reduced compared to binocular vision...
opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocularvision. When a creature with binocularvision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around...
maximise visual acuity. The placement of their eyes gives them good binocularvision enabling accurate judgement of distances. Nocturnal species have tubular...
mainly used for assessing a patient's degree of binocularvision and binocular single vision. Binocularvision involves an image being projected by each eye...
dorsal fin. Its large eyes at the front of the head provide it with binocularvision and depth perception, which are important for predators. The John Dory's...
challenging environment among tree tops, including large brain sizes, binocularvision, color vision, vocalizations, shoulder girdles allowing a large degree of...
which is often attained by well-corrected healthy young subjects with binocularvision. Stating acuity as a decimal number is the standard in European countries...
no binocularvision (because only one eye can see those parts of the visual field). Some birds have a scant 10 to 20 degrees of binocularvision. Similarly...
or double vision with one eye closed is classified as monocular diplopia. Binocular diplopia is the other one in which the blurring of vision occurs only...
the binocularvision of Carcharodontosaurus was limited, a side effect of its large, elongated rostrum. Its greatest degree of binocularvision was at...
birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocularvision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight...
that of strabismus. While strabismus prevents binocularvision, fixation disparity keeps binocularvision, however it may reduce a patient's level of stereopsis...
the advanced depth perception that stereoscopic vision provides. In modern animals, binocularvision is found mainly in predators. A skeleton of the hadrosaurid...
eye with the fixation point, although more recently in studies of binocularvision it is taken to be the locus of points in space that have the same disparity...
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