In Occitan, vergonha (Occitan pronunciation:[beɾˈɣuɲo̞,veʀˈɡuɲo̞], meaning "shame") refers to the effects of various language discriminatory policies of the government of France on its minorities whose native language was deemed a patois, where a Romance language spoken in the country other than Standard French, such as Occitan or the langues d'oïl, as well as other non-Romance languages such as Alsatian and Basque, were suppressed.[1]Vergonha is imagined as a process of "being made to reject and feel ashamed of one's (or one's parents') mother tongue through official exclusion, humiliation at school and rejection from the media", as organized and sanctioned by French political leaders from Henri Grégoire onward.[2][3][4]
Vergonha is still a controversial topic in modern French public discourse[5] where some, including successive French governments, have denied discrimination ever existed or downplayed its effects; it is a commonly cited example of sanctioned systematic linguicide and cultural genocide.[6] In 1860, before French schooling was made compulsory, native Occitan speakers represented more than 39%[7] of the whole French population, as opposed to 52% for francophones proper; their share of the population declined to 26–36% by late 1920s,[8] Since the end of World War II, it experienced another sharp decline, to less than 7% by 1993.[9]
France has also continuously refused to ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and native non-French languages in France continue to be denied official recognition, with Occitans, Basques, Corsicans, Catalans, Flemings, Bretons, Alsatians, and Savoyards still having no explicit legal right to conduct public affairs in their regional languages within their home lands.[10]
^Joubert, Aurélie (2010). "A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan" (PDF). www.research.manchester.ac.uk.
^Grégoire, Henri (1790). "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalise the use of the French language". Wikisource (in French). Paris: French National Convention. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference France pp. 90-92 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Friend, Julius W. (2012). "The French Exception". Stateless Nations. Springer. pp. 137–154. doi:10.1057/9781137008206_7. ISBN 978-1-137-00820-6.
^Llengua Nacional, Catalan linguistic review Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, spring of 2002. Text available at https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020813/http://fpl.forumactif.com/t2644-le-patois-des-vieux-el-patues-dels-vells#11914
^Louis de Baecker, Grammaire comparée des langues de la France, 1860, p. 52: parlée dans le Midi de la France par quatorze millions d'habitants ("spoken in the South of France by fourteen million inhabitants"). [1] + [2]
^Yann Gaussen, Du fédéralisme de Proudhon au Félibrige de Mistral, 1927, p. 4: [...] défendre une langue, qui est aujourd'hui la mère de la nôtre, parlée encore par plus de dix millions d'individus [...] ("protect a language, which is today the mother of ours, still spoken by more than ten million individuals"). [3]
^Stephen Barbour & Cathie Carmichael, Language and nationalism in Europe, 2000, p. 62: Occitan is spoken in 31 départements, but even the EBLUL (1993: 15–16) is wary of statistics: 'There are no official data on the number of speakers. Of some 12 to 13 million inhabitants in the area, it is estimated that 48 per cent understand Occitan, 28 per cent can speak it, about 9 per cent of the population use it on a daily basis, 13 per cent can read and 6 per cent can write the language.'
^Roger, Geoffrey (2019). "The langues de France and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Keeping Ratification at Bay Through Disinformation: 2014–2015". French Language Policies and the Revitalisation of Regional Languages in the 21st Century. pp. 309–333. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95939-9_14. ISBN 978-3-319-95938-2. S2CID 158474654. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
In Occitan, vergonha (Occitan pronunciation: [beɾˈɣuɲo̞, veʀˈɡuɲo̞], meaning "shame") refers to the effects of various language discriminatory policies...
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ashamed of them; this process was known in the Occitan-speaking region as Vergonha. Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third...
Trade and British abolition, 1760–1810. London: Macmillan, 1975, p. 5. "Vergonha Ainda Maior: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
engagement with the model Marcelo Bimbi. "Nicole Bahls revela que tem vergonha do próprio nome composto" (in Portuguese). 17 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29...
e Gilmar as Outro dia nasceu in 1992, and by the forró band Moleca 100 Vergonha ‘’não sou feliz mais‘’ in 2012. Shirley Bassey covered the song in 1995...
children who spoke the language of their culture of origin. The French vergonha policy likewise had the aim of erradicating minority languages. Language...
a result of generations of systematic suppression and humiliation (see Vergonha), seldom use the language in the presence of strangers, whether they are...
Domain – Basic Research]. dominiopublico.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). "Vergonha Ainda Maior: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados...
R7. 14 October 2011. "Mel Fronckowiak, a Carla de 'Rebelde': 'Não sinto vergonha nenhuma de ter sido Miss Bumbum'" (in Portuguese). R7. 1 April 2012. Archived...
and also a picture of the inflammation on Andressa's leg [1] ""Tenho vergonha dos buracos nas minhas pernas", diz Urach a tabloide inglês". 12 January...
2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014. "Maracanazo foi trágico, 'Minerazo', a maior vergonha do Brasil". ESPN. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
Occitan conjugation Languages of France Béarnese dialect Landese dialect Vergonha Aragonese language "639 Identifier Documentation: gsc". SIL International...
(see also Ryukyuan languages#Modern history and Dialect card) like as vergonha in France or welsh not in Wales. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the period...
Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 25 March 2023. ""Censura, ditadura e vergonha": bolsonaristas reagem a ação da PF". 27 May 0312. Archived from the original...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
Australia; and by Tomás Mac Síomóin (2018). France's policies (also known as Vergonha, "shame," in Occitan) towards its various regional and minority languages...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
Vasco da Gama". ESPN. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2023. "Em jogo da vergonha nas arquibancadas, Atlético-PR goleia, vai à Libertadores, e Vasco cai...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
Vivemos Mais! Vivemos Bem? Por Uma Vida Plena Liderança em Foco Ética e Vergonha na Cara!, com Clóvis de Barros Filho Pensar Bem Nos Faz Bem! Descartes...
October 2018. Cunha, Pedro Jorge (25 March 2021). "Abel Ferreira: «Tive vergonha ao ver-me a gritar e a bater na mesa»" [Abel Ferreira: "I felt ashamed...
Soviet Union Russian conquest of Siberia Swedification of Sámi and Finns Vergonha Oceania Blackbirding Genocide in Australia Australian frontier wars Queensland...
mundial (in Portuguese). p. 296. Soares, Leonércio (1985). Verdades e vergonhas da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (in Portuguese). p. 339. Castro, Erik...