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Occitan language information


Occitan
occitan, lenga d'òc, provençal / provençau
Native toFrance, Spain, Italy, Monaco
RegionOccitania
EthnicityOccitans
Native speakers
(c. 200,000 cited 1990–2012)[1]
Estimates range from 100,000 to 800,000 total speakers (2007–2012),[2][3] with 68,000 in Italy (2005 survey),[4] 4,000 in Spain (Val d'Aran)[5]
Language family
Indo-European
  • Italic
    • Latino-Faliscan
      • Latin
        • Romance
          • Italo-Western
            • Western Romance
              • Gallo-Iberian
                • Gallo-Romance[a]
                  • Occitano-Romance[a]
                    • Occitan
Early forms
Old Latin
  • Vulgar Latin
    • Proto-Romance
      • Old Occitan
Standard forms
  • Aranese in Spain
Dialects
  • Auvergnat
  • Gascon
  • Languedocien
  • Limousin
  • Provençal
  • Vivaro-Alpine
  • Niçard
  • Judeo-Provençal †
  • Judeo-Gascon †
  • Judeo Niçard †
Writing system
Latin alphabet (Occitan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Spain
  • Catalonia (as Aranese)
Recognised minority
language in
France
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
  • Centre-Val de Loire
  • Nouvelle-Aquitaine
  • Occitania
  • Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Italy (Occitan Valleys) (Law number 482 of 15 December 1999)[6]

Monaco
Regulated byConselh de la Lenga Occitana;[7] Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana;[8] Institut d'Estudis Aranesi[9]
Language codes
ISO 639-1oc
ISO 639-2oci
ISO 639-3oci – inclusive code
Individual code:
sdt – Judeo-Occitan
Glottologocci1239
Linguasphere51-AAA-g & 51-AAA-f
Geographic range of the Occitan language around 1900
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Occitan (English: /ˈɒksɪtən, -tæn, -tɑːn/;[10][11] Occitan: occitan [utsiˈta, uksiˈta]),[b] also known as lenga d'òc (Occitan: [ˈleŋɡɒ ˈðɔ(k)] ; French: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. It is also spoken in Calabria (Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese). Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century[12] and still today remains its closest relative.[13]

Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken (in the Val d'Aran).[14] Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

Across history, the terms Limousin (Lemosin), Languedocien (Lengadocian), Gascon, in addition to Provençal (Provençal, Provençau or Prouvençau) later have been used as synonyms for the whole of Occitan; nowadays, the term "Provençal" is understood mainly as the Occitan dialect spoken in Provence, in southeast France.[15]

Unlike other Romance languages such as French or Spanish, Occitan does not have a single written standard form, nor does it have official status in France, home to most of its speakers. Instead, there are competing norms for writing Occitan, some of which attempt to be pan-dialectal, whereas others are based on a particular dialect. These efforts are hindered by the rapidly declining use of Occitan as a spoken language in much of southern France, as well as by the significant differences in phonology and vocabulary among different Occitan dialects.

According to the UNESCO Red Book of Endangered Languages,[16] four of the six major dialects of Occitan (Provençal, Auvergnat, Limousin and Languedocien) are considered severely endangered, whereas the remaining two (Gascon and Vivaro-Alpine) are considered definitely endangered.

  1. ^ Occitan at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Judeo-Occitan at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Bernissan, Fabrice (2012). "Combien l'occitan compte de locuteurs en 2012?". Revue de Linguistique Romane (in French). 76: 467–512.
  3. ^ Martel, Philippe (December 2007). "Qui parle occitan ?". Langues et cité (in French). No. 10. Observation des pratiques linguistiques. p. 3. De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l'occitan a pu être estimé par l'INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000 ("In fact, the number of Occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then 789,000")
  4. ^ Enrico Allasino; Consuelo Ferrier; Sergio Scamuzzi; Tullio Telmon (2005). "Le Lingue del Piemonte" (PDF). IRES. 113: 71 – via Gioventura Piemontèisa.
  5. ^ Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 [Survey of Language Use of the Population 2008] (in Catalan), Statistical Institute of Catalonia, 2009
  6. ^ Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche, Italian parliament
  7. ^ CLO's statements in Lingüistica Occitana (online review of Occitan linguistics).Lingüistica Occitana: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (PDF), 2007
  8. ^ "Page d'accueil". Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine – Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  9. ^ "Reconeishença der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran" [Recognition of the Institute of Aranese Studies as an academy and linguistic authority of Occitan, Aranese in Aran]. Conselh Generau d'Aran (in Occitan). 2 April 2014.
  10. ^ "Occitan". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  11. ^ "Occitan". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (7th ed.). 2005.
  12. ^ Friend, Julius W. (2012). Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-230-36179-9. Retrieved 5 March 2016.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ Smith & Bergin 1984, p. 9
  14. ^ As stated in its Statute of Autonomy approved. See Article 6.5 in the Parlament-cat.net Archived 26 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, text of the 2006 Statute of Catalonia (PDF)
  15. ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). "Occitan". Dictionary of Languages (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 468. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
  16. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org.


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Occitan language

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also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia;...

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Old Occitan

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Occitan (Modern Occitan: occitan ancian, Catalan: occità antic), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages,...

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Occitan

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Occitania administrative region of France. Occitan language, spoken in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. Occitans, people of France, Italy, Monaco and...

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Occitania

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in Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes used as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasses...

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Occitans

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They have been also called Gascons, Provençals, and Auvergnats. The Occitan language is still used to varying levels by between 100,000 and 800,000 speakers...

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Occitan Valleys

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Valâdes Occitanes) are the part of Occitania (the territory of the Occitan language) within the borders of Italy. It is a mountainous region in the southern...

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Occitan nationalism

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and cultural although currently the Occitan language is a minority status within the language area. The Occitan political movement for self-government...

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Languages of France

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various other Gallo-Romance languages (Langues d'oïl 1.25%, Occitan 1.33%). Some of these languages are also spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Belgium...

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Aranese dialect

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Aranese (Occitan: aranés) is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Val d'Aran, in northwestern Catalonia...

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Gascon dialect

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France. It is often considered a variety of Occitan, although some authors consider it a different language. Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and Béarn...

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Occitan literature

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first literature in a Romance language and inspired the rise of vernacular literature throughout medieval Europe. Occitan literature's Golden Age was in...

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Occitan Wikipedia

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The Occitan Wikipedia (Occitan: wikipèdia en occitan) is the Occitan language version of Wikipedia. The Occitan Wikipedia has 89,657 articles as of 29...

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Occitan alphabet

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Standard Occitan. Despite being listed as dialect of Occitan, Gascon are listed as separate language here and it is excluded from this list. Occitan conjugation...

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Limousin dialect

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(French name, pronounced [limuzɛ̃] ; Occitan: lemosin, pronounced [lemuˈzi]) is a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the three departments of Limousin...

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Languedocien dialect

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dialects of Occitan, it is often used as a basis for a Standard Occitan. About 10% of the population of Languedoc are fluent in the language (about 300...

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Western Romance languages

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shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan. The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and...

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Occitan conjugation

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the conjugation of verbs in a number of varieties of the Occitan language, including Old Occitan and Catalan. Each verbal form is accompanied by its phonetic...

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Languages of Spain

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in Spain, such as Aragonese, Asturian, Fala and Occitan (sometimes called Provençal). The languages spoken in Spain include: Spanish. Official throughout...

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Occitan Party

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The Occitan Party (Occitan: Partit Occitan, [paɾˈtit utsiˈta], abbreviated to POC) is a left-wing regionalist political party in France. Its aims include...

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Auvergnat

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Auvergnat (/ˌoʊvɛrnˈjɑː/) or Occitan auvergnat (endonym: auvernhat ) is a northern dialect of Occitan spoken in central and southern France, in particular...

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Middle French

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language was imposed as the official language of the Kingdom of France]] in place of Latin]] and other Oïl and Occitan language|Occitan]] languages the...

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Occitan phonology

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transcription delimiters. This article describes the phonology of the Occitan language. Below is a consonant chart that covers multiple dialects. Where symbols...

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List of language regulators

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der Institut d'Estudis Aranesi coma academia e autoritat lingüistica der occitan, aranés en Aran - Conselh Generau d'Aran". conselharan.org. Potosí C.,...

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Extinct language

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https://trobar.stanford.edu/la-vergonha-and-future-occitan-language.html See pp. 57 & 60 in Ghil'ad Zuckermann's A New Vision for "Israeli...

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