Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum(German) Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste(Latvian) Balti Hertsogiriik(Estonian)
1918
Proposed territories for the United Baltic Duchy
Status
Client state of the German Empire
Capital
Riga
Common languages
German, Latvian, Estonian, Russian
Government
Provisional semi-constitutional monarchy under military occupation
Duke-elect
• 1918
Adolf Friedrich
Regent
• Nov 1918
Adolf Pilar von Pilchau
Historical era
World War I
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3 March 1918
• Proclamation of Duchy by Baltic German nobility
12 April 1918
• Recognized by Germany
22 September 1918
• Regency Council established
5 November 1918
• German surrender
11 November 1918
• Regency Council disbanded
28 November 1918
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
Ober Ost
Estonia
Latvia
The United Baltic Duchy[1] (German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum, Latvian: Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste, Estonian: Balti Hertsogiriik), or alternatively the Grand Duchy of Livonia,[2] was the name of a short-lived state during World War I that was proclaimed by leaders of the local Baltic German nobility.[3]
The attempt to establish a new client state of the German Empire on the territory of what is now Latvia and Estonia was made in 1918, during the German occupation of the former Courland, Livonian and Estonian governorates of the Russian Empire; which had ceased to exist after the Bolshevik coup in 1917. The unsuccessful proclamation of a pro-German duchy was first made in April 1918, after the Republic of Estonia had already formally declared full independence.
The proposed ideas for the new state included the creation of a Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and of a Duchy of Estonia and Livonia, which would be in personal union with the Kingdom of Prussia.[4]
^Georg von Rauch (1974). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence. p. 48. ISBN 0-903983-00-1. Later an alternative proposal was advanced for a United Baltic Duchy under Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg
^Bilmanis, Alfreds (1945). Baltic Essays. The Latvian Legation. This Landesrat on 12 April 1918, decided to beg the King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany Kaiser to accept the throne of the Grand Duchy of Livonia
^Roeder, Philip (2007). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-691-13467-3.
^"The Baltic States". Papers of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (13, part 1): 22. 1938.
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