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Among scholars of nationalism, a number of types of nationalism have been presented. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular non-state movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, language, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism, but such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.
Some political theorists, like Umut Özkirimli, make the case that any distinction between forms of nationalism is false.[1] In all forms of nationalism, the populations believe that they share some kind of common culture.[2] Arguably, all types of nationalism merely refer to different ways academics throughout the years have tried to define nationalism.[citation needed] Similarly, Yael Tamir has argued that the differences between the oft-dichotomized ethnic and civic nationalism are blurred.[3]
^Umut Özkirimli, Umut. (2005). "Chapter 2: What is Nationalism?; A critique of the ethnic-civic distinction". Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–25.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
^Umut Özkirimli, Umut. (2005). "Chapter 2: What is Nationalism?; A critique of the ethnic-civic distinction". Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–25.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Tamir, Yael (Yuli) (2019). "Not So Civic: Is There a Difference Between Ethnic and Civic Nationalism?". Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 419–434. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059. ISSN 1094-2939.
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