Black nationalism information

Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks liberation, equality, representation and/or self-determination for black people as a distinct national identity, especially in racialized, colonial and postcolonial societies.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Its earliest proponents saw it as a way to advocate for democratic representation in culturally plural societies or to establish self-governing independent nation-states for black people.^[3] Modern black nationalism often aims for the social, political, and economic empowerment of black communities within white majority societies, either as an alternative to assimilation or as a way to ensure greater representation and equality within predominantly Eurocentric or white cultures.^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]

As an ideology, black nationalism encompasses a diverse range of beliefs which have variously included forms of economic, political and cultural nationalism, or pan-nationalism.^[9]^[7] It often overlaps with, but is distinguished from, similar concepts and movements such as Pan-Africanism, Ethiopianism, the back-to-Africa movement, Afrocentrism, Black Zionism, and Garveyism.^[5] Critics of black nationalism say it promotes racial and ethnic nationalism, separatism and black supremacy, and they compare it to white nationalism and white supremacy. However, the Southern Poverty Law Center says that black nationalist groups exist in a "categorically different" environment than white nationalists in the United States.^[10]

Historically, black nationalism has been the target of suppression campaigns by state agencies such as COINTELPRO, led by the FBI in the 1970s, and the post-2017 crackdowns on "black identity extremists".^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

^ ^a ^b "black nationalism | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ Hall, Raymond L. (2014). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4831-1917-5.
^ ^a ^b Delany, Martin (1850). "A Black Nationalist Manifesto". tildesites.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ "Black Nationalism in Historical Context · The Illusion of Inclusion: The Nubian Message in the 1990s · The State of History". soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Spence, Lester K.; Shaw, Todd C.; Brown, Robert A. (31 March 2005). ""TRUE TO OUR NATIVE LAND": Distinguishing Attitudinal Support for Pan-Africanism from Black Separatism". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 2 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1017/S1742058X05050071. ISSN 1742-0598. S2CID 145808808.
^ "Philadelphia: Black Nationalism on Campus - 93.01". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b Blake, J. Herman (1969). "Black Nationalism". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 382: 15–25. doi:10.1177/000271626938200103. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1037110. S2CID 220837953.
^ Robinson, Dean E., ed. (2001), "Black Nationalism as Ethnic Pluralism", Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–103, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606038.006, ISBN 978-0-521-62326-1, retrieved 1 February 2024
^ "Cultural Nationalism · exhibits". digilab.libs.uga.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ Cite error: The named reference Beirich-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Gavins, Raymond, ed. (2016), "Black Nationalism", The Cambridge Guide to African American History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–35, doi:10.1017/CBO9781316216453.039, ISBN 978-1-107-10339-9, retrieved 1 February 2024
^ Hoban, Virgie. "'Discredit, disrupt, and destroy': FBI records acquired by the Library reveal violent surveillance of Black leaders, civil rights organizations | UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ "FBI report on black 'extremists' raises fears of targeting". PBS NewsHour. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
^ Wiggins, Maya Berry, Kai (11 September 2019). "Leaked Documents Contain Major Revelations About the FBI's Terrorism Classifications". Just Security. Retrieved 1 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[mw-2023-1] "black nationalism | United States history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2017.

[Hall_p12-2] Hall, Raymond L. (2014). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason. New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4831-1917-5.

[Delany-1850-3] Delany, Martin (1850). "A Black Nationalist Manifesto". tildesites.bowdoin.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[4] "Black Nationalism in Historical Context · The Illusion of Inclusion: The Nubian Message in the 1990s · The State of History". soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[Spence-2005-5] Spence, Lester K.; Shaw, Todd C.; Brown, Robert A. (31 March 2005). ""TRUE TO OUR NATIVE LAND": Distinguishing Attitudinal Support for Pan-Africanism from Black Separatism". Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race. 2 (1): 91–111. doi:10.1017/S1742058X05050071. ISSN 1742-0598. S2CID 145808808.

[Lemann-2024-6] "Philadelphia: Black Nationalism on Campus - 93.01". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[Blake-1969-7] Blake, J. Herman (1969). "Black Nationalism". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 382: 15–25. doi:10.1177/000271626938200103. ISSN 0002-7162. JSTOR 1037110. S2CID 220837953.

[Robinson-2001-8] Robinson, Dean E., ed. (2001), "Black Nationalism as Ethnic Pluralism", Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–103, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606038.006, ISBN 978-0-521-62326-1, retrieved 1 February 2024

[9] "Cultural Nationalism · exhibits". digilab.libs.uga.edu. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

[Beirich-2019-10] Cite error: The named reference Beirich-2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Cambridge_Guide-2016-11] Gavins, Raymond, ed. (2016), "Black Nationalism", The Cambridge Guide to African American History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–35, doi:10.1017/CBO9781316216453.039, ISBN 978-1-107-10339-9, retrieved 1 February 2024

[12] Hoban, Virgie. "'Discredit, disrupt, and destroy': FBI records acquired by the Library reveal violent surveillance of Black leaders, civil rights organizations | UC Berkeley Library". www.lib.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[13] "FBI report on black 'extremists' raises fears of targeting". PBS NewsHour. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

[14] Wiggins, Maya Berry, Kai (11 September 2019). "Leaked Documents Contain Major Revelations About the FBI's Terrorism Classifications". Just Security. Retrieved 1 February 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Black nationalism information

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