Global InformationEpidemiology of diabetes information
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Globally, an estimated 537 million adults are living with diabetes, according to 2019 data from the International Diabetes Federation.[1] Diabetes was the 9th-leading cause of mortality globally in 2020, attributing to over 2 million deaths annually due to diabetes directly, and to kidney disease due to diabetes.[2] The primary causes of type 2 diabetes is diet and physical activity, which can contribute to increased BMI, poor nutrition, hypertension, alcohol use and smoking, while genetics is also a factor.[3] Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly; previous 2019 estimates put the number at 463 million people living with diabetes,[4] with the distributions being equal between both sexes icidence peaking around age 55 years old.[5] The number is projected to 643 million by 2030,[1] or 7079 individuals per 100,000, with all regions around the world continue to rise.[5] Type 2 diabetes makes up about 85-90% of all cases.[6][7] Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk factors for type 2, notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese.[8] The prevalence of African Americans with diabetes is estimated to triple by 2050, while the prevalence of whites is estimated to double.[3] The overall prevalence increases with age, with the largest increase in people over 65 years of age.[3] The prevalence of diabetes in America is estimated to increase to 48.3 million by 2050.
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Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, occurring in low- and middle-income countries[8] including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030.[9] The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary lifestyles, less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition, marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy-dense but nutrient-poor (often high in sugar and saturated fats, sometimes referred to as the Western pattern diet).[8][9] The risk of getting type 2 diabetes has been widely found to be associated with lower socio-economic position across countries.[10]
The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death.[8] However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications (e.g. heart disease, stroke, kidney failure), which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes.[8][11] The burden of diabetes (both type 1 and 2) has a possibility to lead to complications of multiple body systems including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy.[12] About half of patients with type 2 diabetes die due to cardiovascular disease and 10% from kidney failure.[13] A study done on Gomel city population with radiation exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.[14][15] Women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a 20-50% increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.[3]
- ^ a b International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2021. Available at: https://www.diabetesatlas.org.
- ^ "Diabetes". www.who.int. 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
- ^ a b c d e Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M (November 2008). "Epidemiology of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications". Physical Therapy. 88 (11): 1254–1264. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080020. ISSN 0031-9023. PMC 3870323. PMID 18801858.
- ^ "International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2019".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ a b Khan MA, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J (2020-03-10). "Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends". Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 10 (1): 107–111. doi:10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001. ISSN 2210-6014. PMC 7310804. PMID 32175717.
- ^ Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. 2011. pp. 1371–1435. ISBN 978-1-4377-0324-5.
- ^ Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Chronic conditions: Diabetes. Accessed 31 August 2016.
- ^ a b c d e World Health Organization, Global Report on Diabetes. Geneva, 2016. Accessed 30 August 2016.
- ^ a b Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2004). "Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030". Diabetes Care. 27 (5): 1047–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047. PMID 15111519.
- ^ Agardh E, et al. (2011). "Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Epidemiology. 40 (3): 804–818. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr029. PMID 21335614.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
PHAC2011was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ (2014-12-01). "Epidemiology of diabetes". Medicine. 42 (12): 698–702. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.007. ISSN 1357-3039. PMC 4282306. PMID 25568613.
- ^ van Dieren S, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Neal B (2010-05-17). "The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic". European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. 17 (Suppl 1): S3–8. doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000368191.86614.5a. ISSN 1741-8275. PMID 20489418. S2CID 21167794.
- ^ Zalutskaya A, Mokhort T, Garmaev D, Bornstein SR (2004). "Did the Chernobyl incident cause an increase in Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children and adolescents?". Diabetologia. 47 (1): 147–148. doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1271-9. ISSN 0012-186X. PMID 14658035.
- ^ Venturi S (January 2021). "Cesium in Biology, Pancreatic Cancer, and Controversy in High and Low Radiation Exposure Damage—Scientific, Environmental, Geopolitical, and Economic Aspects". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (17): 8934. doi:10.3390/ijerph18178934. PMC 8431133. PMID 34501532.