Global InformationTurkish involvement in the Syrian civil war information
| Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war | |||||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||||
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Supported by:
 Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (limited)[9][10] |
Supported by:
 PKK[18] |
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (limited) |
 Iran[20] Libyan National Army Hezbollah | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||||
|
 Salim Idris Abdurrahman Mustafa Albay Ahmed Berri Ebubekir Seyf Fehim Isa Ahmed Othman |
 Abdulsettar Al-Cadiri (Jarabulus military council commander) |
 Abu Ansari †[29](Emir of al-Bab) Abu Hussein al-Tunusi †[30]ISIL southern Raqqa field commander Abu Khalid Urduni †[31](Emir of al-Bab) Abu Ja'fr Dagestani †[32](ISIL emir) |
 Bashar al-Assad Maher al-Assad Ali Abdullah Ayyoub | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||||
|
 Syrian Turkmen Brigades |
 United Freedom Forces | Unknown |
 National Defence Forces | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||||
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685,862 servicemen 668 aircraft | 65,000 | 31,500–100,000 militants (2016) |
178,000 servicemen 320 aircraft | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||||
 Turkey299–356 servicemen killed Equipment
Syrian National Army2,290 killed[k] |
Syrian Democratic Forces 2,451 killed[o] |
Lions of the East Army 1 killed[54] |
Equipment
 Russia3 servicemen killed[73] Equipment
| ||||||||
| 765-1,517 civilians killed by Turkish Armed Forces and border guards[w] | |||||||||||
Turkey's involvement in the Syrian Civil War began diplomatically and later escalated militarily. Initially, Turkey condemned the Syrian government at the outbreak of civil unrest in Syria during the spring of 2011;[79] the Turkish government's involvement gradually evolved into military assistance for the Free Syrian Army in July 2011,[80] border clashes in 2012,[81] and direct military interventions in 2016–17,[82][83][84] in 2018,[85] in 2019, 2020, and in 2022.[86] The military operations have resulted in the Turkish occupation of northern Syria since August 2016.[87][88][89]
After a decade of relatively friendly relations with Syria from 2000 to 2010, Turkey condemned Syrian president Bashar al-Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011[79] and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.[90] From the beginning of the war, Turkey trained defectors of the Syrian Army in its territory under the supervision of the Turkish National Intelligence Organisation (MİT), among whom emerged the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in July 2011. In May 2012, the Turkish National Intelligence Organisation (MİT) began arming and training the FSA[80] and provided them with a base of operations. Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces shot down a Turkish fighter jet in June 2012, and border clashes erupted in October 2012.[81] On 24 August 2016, the Turkish Armed Forces began a direct military intervention into Syria by declaring Operation Euphrates Shield, mainly targeting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Turkey has strongly supported Syrian dissidents. Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul in May 2011 to discuss regime change,[91] and Turkey hosted the head of the Free Syrian Army, Colonel Riad al-Asaad.[92] Turkey became increasingly hostile to the Assad government's policies and encouraged reconciliation among dissident factions. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared his intent to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad."[93] In 2017, it facilitated the establishment of the Syrian National Army of the Syrian Interim Government, which it finances.
A study by Metropoll in September 2019 found that 68% of Turks disapprove of the current government policies on Syria.[94][95] The poll also found that 47.5% of Turks see the Free Syrian Army as an "enemy". Three out of four Turks said that Syrian refugees should return to Syria "even if the war continues".[94] According to another research by Metropoll, the amount of support for 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria was at 79%, while Operation Olive Branch had 71% support.[96]
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{{cite web}}:|first2=has generic name (help) - ^ "Turkey, Russia continue joint airstrikes against ISIL near al-Bab". Hurriyet Daily News. 2 January 2017.
- ^ Zaman, Amberin. "Syrian Kurds courting Turkmens". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi.
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Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground.
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Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting
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- ^ "Armor: Turkish Leopards Find Redemption". www.strategypage.com.
- ^ "Lostarmour ID: 26703". lostarmour.info. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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{{cite news}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ 1 Bayraktar UAS (12 Feb) [1]
1 TAI Anka-S (25 February) [2] Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine[3] Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
1 Bayraktar TB2 (February 2020) [4] Archived 2 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine[5]
1 TAI Anka-S (1 March)[6][7]
1 Bayraktar TB-2 (3 March)[8][9]
1 Bayraktar TB-2 (4 March) [10]
1 Bayraktar TB2 (23 August 2020) [11]
2 Unespecified [12][13] - ^ a b c "The Syrian Democratic Forces continue to comb the villages and sites to which the pro-Turkish factions advanced on the outskirts of Ain Issa" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
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- ^ a b "Turkey's presence in Syria in 2022 | Aerial and ground attacks by Turkish forces leave 74 civilians and 164 combatants dead". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 28 December 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ 4 killed (28 August),[14] 6 killed (7 September),[15] 22 killed (20–23 October),[16] 6 killed (25 October),[17] Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 9 killed (27 October),[18] Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (8 November),[19] Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 November),[20] Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (11 November),[21] Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (12–19 November),[22] Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (20 November),[23] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 8 killed (21 November),[24] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (22 November),[25] Archived 24 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (23 November),[26] 7 killed (27 November),[27] Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (29 November),[28] Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (1 December),[29] Archived 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (2 December),[30] Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (7 December),[31] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (9 December),[32] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 December),[33] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 February),[34] Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (11 February),[35] 1 killed (16 February),[36] Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (19 February), [37] Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (21 February), [38] Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (1 March), [39] Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (3 March), [40] Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (9 March), [41] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (11 March), [42] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 March), [43] Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (16 March), [44] Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (18 March), [45] Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (23 March), [46] Archived 24 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ https://www.syriahr.com/en/325472/
- ^ https://www.syriahr.com/en/331700/
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Turkish occupation "is an existential threat to the Assad government's ability to reclaim the entirety of its territory, which is a key argument that regime loyalists make in their support of Bashar al-Assad's government," Heras said.
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You can't mistake the front line between the Syrian army and Turkey's occupation force east of Aleppo.
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