In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule). In an intense electric field, the potential barrier of an atom (molecule) is distorted drastically. Therefore, as the length of the barrier that electrons have to pass decreases, the electrons can escape from the atom's potential more easily. Tunneling ionization is a quantum mechanical phenomenon since in the classical picture an electron does not have sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier of the atom.
When the atom is in a DC external field, the Coulomb potential barrier is lowered and the electron has an increased, non-zero probability of tunnelling through the potential barrier. In the case of an alternating electric field, the direction of the electric field reverses after the half period of the field. The ionized electron may come back to its parent ion. The electron may recombine with the nucleus (nuclei) and its kinetic energy is released as light (high harmonic generation). If the recombination does not occur, further ionization may proceed by collision between high-energy electrons and a parent atom (molecule). This process is known as non-sequential ionization.[1]
^Corkum, P. B. (1993-09-27). "Plasma perspective on strong field multiphoton ionization". Physical Review Letters. 71 (13). American Physical Society (APS): 1994–1997. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.71.1994. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10054556. S2CID 29947935.
In physics, tunnelionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom...
analytic solution for the ionization rate is possible. Tunnelionization is ionization due to quantum tunneling. In classical ionization, an electron must have...
can tunnel through or for larger distortions even overcome this barrier. These phenomena are called tunnelionization and over-the-barrier ionization, respectively...
work with up to 11-atom molecules. Laser engraving Laser cutting Tunnelionization Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging Hashida, M.; Mishima, H.; Tokita...
outermost electron undergoes tunnelionization upon interaction with the ultrashort laser pulse. Step 2: This tunnelionized electron undergoes acceleration...
Superlattices and Microstructures (March/April 1998). Persistent current Tunnelionization George Johnson (30 April 1999). "Rolf Landauer, Pioneer in Computer...
laser radiation and dielectric material - multiphoton absorption and tunnelionization. This method is specifically applicable to the fabrication of long...
Code Ardwick railway station's National Rail code ADK, a model for tunnelionization Adg (also Romanized as Adk), a village in Razavi Khorasan Province...
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) is also known as surface ionization and is a highly sensitive isotope mass spectrometry characterization technique...
electrons carry phase due to processes like ionization, recombination, and propagation. Furthermore, the ionized atoms can influence the refractive index...
high frequency capability and can handle more power. Tunnel diodes are also more resistant to ionizing radiation than other diodes.[citation needed] This...
the series of papers Shock and TunnelIonization in Semiconductors. Kundrotas, J.; Dargys, A. (1986). "Electron tunneling from an ultrathin quantum well...
males engaging in trials of strength over the possession of breeding tunnels. Ionizing radiation applied to O. taurus males induced mutations that reduced...
multiphoton ionization, in 1965. Delone, along with Maxim Ammosov and Vladimir P. Krainov, developed the ADK formula, relating tunnelingionization in laser...
result in ionization of gaseous molecules of the analyte. Mass spectra produced by FD have little or no fragmentation because FD is a soft ionization method...
and ionizing photons. However, the recoil of the parent nucleus (alpha recoil) gives it a significant amount of energy, which also causes ionization damage...
threshold ionization (ATI) is an extension of multi-photon ionization where even more photons are absorbed than actually would be necessary to ionize the atom...
line over Corona Pass before the Moffat Tunnel was built A spectral line in the Sun's corona due to highly ionized elements This disambiguation page lists...
Double ionization is a process of formation of doubly charged ions when laser radiation is exerted on neutral atoms or molecules. Double ionization is usually...
personnel and a US$860 million annual budget. Ames was founded to conduct wind-tunnel research on the aerodynamics of propeller-driven aircraft; however, its...
reverse electric field applied across the p–n junction causes a wave of ionization, reminiscent of an avalanche, leading to a large current. Avalanche diodes...
investigation of electron correlation effects, photo-emission delay and ionizationtunneling. Molecular physics and molecular chemistry: role of electronic motion...
fluid is the air (a gas instead of a liquid) ionized to become electrically conductive (a plasma). Air ionization is achieved at high altitude (electrical...
The MARHy Hypersonic low density Wind Tunnel, located at the ICARE Laboratory in Orléans, France, is a research facility used extensively for fundamental...
atoms adsorbed on the tip are ionized by the strong electric field in the vicinity of the tip (thus, "field ionization"), becoming positively charged...
differences between direct and indirect ionization create different trajectories for the outbound electron. Direct ionization corresponds to electrons ejected...
antimatter". PhysOrg. 24 April 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. "Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from...
fragile and fragment when ionized by more conventional ionization methods. It is most similar in character to electrospray ionization both in relative softness...
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