Wu Bingjian (Chinese: 伍秉鑑; 1769 – 4 September 1843[1]), trading as "Houqua"[2] and better known in the West as "Howqua" or "Howqua II",[a][3] was a hong merchant in the Thirteen Factories, head of the E-wo hong and leader of the Canton Cohong. He was once the richest man in the world.[4][5][6][7]
^Hunt, Freeman; Dana, William B. (1844). The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review. Volume 10. p. 459.
^Wong, JDO (2016). Global Trade in the Nineteenth Century: The House of Houqua and the Canton System. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107150669.
^ abGrant 2014, p. 128.
^The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time—from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates—Made Their Fortunes. 2 October 2018. ASIN 0812932676.
^The Rich And How They Got That Way By Cynthia Crossen Publisher: Crown Publishing Group Pub. Date: 2000 ISBN 0-8129-3267-6
^"中國評論新聞網". Chinareviewnews.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
^"晚清的財富精英：1834年的世界首富-閱讀-新浪新聞中心". News.sina.com.tw. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
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