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The native form of this personal name is Yamashita Tomoyuki. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Tomoyuki Yamashita
山下 奉文
Military Governor of Japan to the Philippines
In office 26 September 1944 – 2 September 1945
Monarch
Emperor Shōwa
Preceded by
Shigenori Kuroda
Succeeded by
Position abolished
Personal details
Born
(1885-11-08)8 November 1885 Ōtoyo, Kōchi, Empire of Japan
Died
23 February 1946(1946-02-23) (aged 60) Los Baños, Laguna, Commonwealth of the Philippines
Cause of death
Execution by hanging
Resting place
Tama Reien Cemetery, Fuchū, Tokyo, Japan
Alma mater
Imperial Japanese Army Academy
Awards
Order of the Golden Kite Order of the Rising Sun Order of the Sacred Treasure Order of the German Eagle
Nickname(s)
Tiger of Malaya The Beast of Bataan[1]
Military service
Allegiance
Empire of Japan
Branch/service
Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service
1905–1945
Rank
General
Commands
25th Army 1st Area Army 14th Area Army
Battles/wars
World War I Second Sino-Japanese War Pacific War
Tomoyuki Yamashita (山下 奉文, Yamashita Tomoyuki, 8 November 1885 – 23 February 1946; also called Tomobumi Yamashita[2]) was a Japanese convicted war criminal and general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. Yamashita led Japanese forces during the invasion of Malaya and Battle of Singapore, his conquest of Malaya and Singapore in 70 days earned him the sobriquet "The Tiger of Malaya" and led to the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill calling the ignominious fall of Singapore to Japan the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British military history.[3]
Yamashita was assigned to defend the Philippines from the advancing Allies later in the war. Although he was unable to prevent the superior Allied forces from advancing, despite dwindling supplies and Allied guerrilla action, he was able to hold on to part of Luzon until after the formal Surrender of Japan in August 1945.
After the war, Yamashita was tried for war crimes committed by troops under his command during the Japanese defense of the occupied Philippines in 1944. Yamashita denied ordering those war crimes and denied having knowledge that they even occurred. Conflicting evidence was presented during the trial concerning whether Yamashita had implicitly affirmed commission of these crimes in his orders and whether he knew of the crimes being committed. The court eventually found Yamashita guilty and he was executed in February, 1946. The ruling against Yamashita – holding the commander responsible for subordinates' war crimes as long as the commander did not attempt to discover and stop them from occurring – came to be known as the Yamashita standard.
^Marouf Hasian, In the Name of Necessity: Military Tribunals and the Loss of American Civil Liberties, University of Alabama Press, 2012, p. 286 (chapter 7, note 6).
"Contemporary writers sometimes called Yamashita the "Beast of Bataan." See "The Philippines: Quiet Room in Manila," Time, 12 November, 194.5, 21."
^[1] Virtual International Authority File
^Churchill, Winston (2002). Churchill, Winston (2002). The Second World War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712667029.
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Global Information
Empire of Japan
Imperial Japanese Army
General