The vitamin E family comprises four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). The critical chemical structural difference between tocotrienols and tocopherols is that tocotrienols have unsaturated isoprenoid side chains with three carbon-carbon double bonds versus saturated side chains for tocopherols (see Figure).[1][2]
Tocotrienols are compounds naturally occurring at higher levels in some vegetable oils, including palm oil, rice bran oil, wheat germ, barley, saw palmetto, annatto, and certain other types of seeds, nuts and grains, and the oils derived from them.[3][4]
Chemically, different analogues of vitamin E all show some activity as a chemical antioxidant,[5] but do not all have the same vitamin E equivalence. Tocotrienols demonstrate activity depending on the type of antioxidant performance being measured.[6] All tocotrienols have some physical antioxidant activity due to an ability to donate a hydrogen atom (a proton plus electron) from the hydroxyl group on the chromanol ring, to free radical and reactive oxygen species. Historically studies of tocotrienols account for less than 1% of all research into vitamin E.[7]
^Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist LA (July 1996). "The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols". Lipids. 31 (7): 671–701. doi:10.1007/BF02522884. PMID 8827691. S2CID 4052785.
^Clarke MW, Burnett JR, Croft KD (2008). "Vitamin E in human health and disease". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 45 (5): 417–50. doi:10.1080/10408360802118625. PMID 18712629. S2CID 85991655.
^Sen CK, Rink C, Khanna S (June 2010). "Palm oil-derived natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol in brain health and disease". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 29 (3 Suppl): 314S–323S. doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719846. PMC 3065441. PMID 20823491.
^Cerecetto H, López GV (March 2007). "Antioxidants derived from vitamin E: an overview". Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 7 (3): 315–38. doi:10.2174/138955707780059871. PMID 17346221.
^Fu JY, Che HL, Tan DM, Teng KT (January 2014). "Bioavailability of tocotrienols: evidence in human studies". Nutrition & Metabolism. 11 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-11-5. PMC 3895660. PMID 24410975.
^Sen CK, Khanna S, Roy S (2007). "Tocotrienols in health and disease: the other half of the natural vitamin E family". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 28 (5–6): 692–728. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2007.03.001. PMC 2435257. PMID 17507086.
The vitamin E family comprises four tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta). The critical chemical structural...
of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Vitamin E deficiency, which is rare and usually due to an underlying...
in the American diet due to a higher intake of soybean and corn oil. Tocotrienols, which are related compounds, also have vitamin E activity. All of these...
E is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties. Of these...
example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. The term vitamin does not include the three other groups of essential...
vitamers of vitamin E include tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-) and tocotrienols ( α-, β-, γ-, and δ-). Many plant-based foods provide all eight naturally...
mass: 410.63 g/mol, exact mass: 410.3185 u) may refer to: Tocotrienols β-Tocotrienol γ-Tocotrienol This set index page lists chemical structure articles associated...
rich in antioxidants and contains a high concentration of tocols and tocotrienols, oils that help reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease.[citation...
groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols): vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3)...
unsaponifiable components (4.3%).[citation needed] This fraction contains tocotrienols (a form of vitamin E), gamma-oryzanol, and beta-sitosterol; all these...
apoptosis-resistant cancers. Researchers have reported finding that γ-Tocotrienol, a form of vitamin E derived from palm oil, induced paraptosis-like cell...
triterpenyl esters of ferulic acids. Also present are tocopherols and tocotrienols (two types of vitamin E) and phytosterols. Fatty acid composition Physical...
and carotenoids. Both oils also contain dense amounts of tocopherols, tocotrienols and plant sterols. Oils from sea buckthorn seeds and pulp differ considerably...
Vitamin D Ergocalciferol Cholecalciferol Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin K Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) Vitamin...
of these cancers. Lycopene (data page) Lycopane Nutrition Tocopherol Tocotrienol Tomatine "Lycopene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 2016....
blueberries, seabuckthorn, raw cabbage and tomatoes. Vitamin E, including tocotrienol and tocopherol, is fat soluble and protects lipids. Sources include wheat...
and norbixin or orelline (the yellow pigment). Annatto oil contains tocotrienols, beta-carotene, essential oils, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids...
constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of tocotrienol, part of the vitamin E family. The linoleic acid content of palm oil...
organization Thrombin clotting time, a test used in blood coagulation Tocotrienol, a group of four isomers occurring in Vitamin E True crystallization...
feature of more complex compounds including E vitamins (tocopherols and tocotrienols), Dianin's compound, and the pharmaceutical drugs troglitazone, ormeloxifene...
sources contain a wider range of carotenoids and vitamin E tocopherols and tocotrienols from whole foods, ex post facto epidemiological studies can have differing...
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