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Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or ThPP), or thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), or cocarboxylase[1] is a thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor that is present in all living systems, in which it catalyzes several biochemical reactions.
Thiamine pyrophosphate is synthesized in the cytosol and is required in the cytosol for the activity of transketolase and in the mitochondria for the activity of pyruvate-, oxoglutarate- and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases. To date, the yeast ThPP carrier (Tpc1p) the human Tpc and the Drosophila melanogaster have been identified as being responsible for the mitochondrial transport of ThPP and ThMP.[2][3][4] It was first discovered as an essential nutrient (vitamin) in humans through its link with the peripheral nervous system disease beriberi, which results from a deficiency of thiamine in the diet.[5]
TPP works as a coenzyme in many enzymatic reactions, such as:
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex[6]
Pyruvate decarboxylase in ethanol fermentation
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase complex
2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase
Transketolase
^Pietrzak I (1995). "[Vitamin disturbances in chronic renal insufficiency. I. Water soluble vitamins]". Przegla̧d Lekarski (in Polish). 52 (10): 522–5. PMID 8834846.
^Marobbio, C. M. T.; Vozza, A.; Harding, M.; Bisaccia, F.; Palmieri, F.; Walker, J. E. (2002-11-01). "Identification and reconstitution of the yeast mitochondrial transporter for thiamine pyrophosphate". The EMBO Journal. 21 (21): 5653–5661. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf583. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 131080. PMID 12411483.
^Iacopetta, Domenico; Carrisi, Chiara; De Filippis, Giuseppina; Calcagnile, Valeria M.; Cappello, Anna R.; Chimento, Adele; Curcio, Rosita; Santoro, Antonella; Vozza, Angelo (2010-03-01). "The biochemical properties of the mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate carrier from Drosophila melanogaster". FEBS Journal. 277 (5): 1172–1181. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07550.x. ISSN 1742-4658. PMID 20121944.
^Lindhurst, Marjorie J.; Fiermonte, Giuseppe; Song, Shiwei; Struys, Eduard; Leonardis, Francesco De; Schwartzberg, Pamela L.; Chen, Amy; Castegna, Alessandra; Verhoeven, Nanda (2006-10-24). "Knockout of Slc25a19 causes mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate depletion, embryonic lethality, CNS malformations, and anemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (43): 15927–15932. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10315927L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607661103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1595310. PMID 17035501.
^Pavia, Donald L., Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kritz, Randall G. Engel (2006). Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (4th Ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp. 304–5. ISBN 978-0-495-28069-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"PDBs for Biochemistry". Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
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Mitochondrial thiaminepyrophosphate carrier is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A19 gene. Solute carrier family GRCh38: Ensembl release...
vitamins are referred to by B-number or by chemical name, such as B1 for thiamine, B2 for riboflavin, and B3 for niacin, while some are more commonly recognized...
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conserved RNA secondary structure. It serves as a riboswitch that binds thiaminepyrophosphate (TPP) directly and modulates gene expression through a variety of...
examples of organic prosthetic groups are vitamin derivatives: thiaminepyrophosphate, pyridoxal-phosphate and biotin. Since prosthetic groups are often...
and carbon dioxide. Pyruvate decarboxylase depends on cofactors thiaminepyrophosphate (TPP) and magnesium. This enzyme should not be mistaken for the...
the binding of two identical E3 monomers. Initially, pyruvate and thiaminepyrophosphate (TPP or vitamin B1) are bound by pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits...
synthesized by thiamine-phosphate pyrophosphorylase, which combines thiazole in its monophosphate form and pyrimidine as a pyrophosphate. The physiological...
acetaldehyde by enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase in the presence of Thiaminepyrophosphate and Mg++. Carbon-dioxide is released during this reaction. Acetaldehyde...
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with L-arginine in the presence of thiamine diphosphate (TDP or thiaminepyrophosphate), which is the first step of the clavulanic acid...
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to thiaminepyrophosphate (ThDP) by a specific thiamine-triphosphatase. It can also be converted into ThDP by thiamine-diphosphate kinase. Thiamine triphosphate...
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