Thermodynamic integration is a method used to compare the difference in free energy between two given states (e.g., A and B) whose potential energies and have different dependences on the spatial coordinates. Because the free energy of a system is not simply a function of the phase space coordinates of the system, but is instead a function of the Boltzmann-weighted integral over phase space (i.e. partition function), the free energy difference between two states cannot be calculated directly from the potential energy of just two coordinate sets (for state A and B respectively). In thermodynamic integration, the free energy difference is calculated by defining a thermodynamic path between the states and integrating over ensemble-averaged enthalpy changes along the path. Such paths can either be real chemical processes or alchemical processes. An example alchemical process is the Kirkwood's coupling parameter method.[1]
^Kirkwood, John G. (1935). "Statistical Mechanics of Fluid Mixtures". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 3 (5): 300–313. Bibcode:1935JChPh...3..300K. doi:10.1063/1.1749657.
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