Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
Thermodynamics
The classical Carnot heat engine
Branches
Classical
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Quantum thermodynamics
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Zeroth
First
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Note: Conjugate variables in italics
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Carnot's theorem
Clausius theorem
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Entropy and time
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Brownian ratchet
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Vis viva("living force")
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An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat
On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances
Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire
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Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
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Nucleation
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Order and disorder
Category
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The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. The law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work, that modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter. The law also defines the internal energy of a system, an extensive property for taking account of the balance of heat and work in the system. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. In an isolated system the sum of all forms of energy is constant.
An equivalent statement is that perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible; work done by a system on its surroundings requires that the system's internal energy be consumed, so that the amount of internal energy lost by that work must be resupplied as heat by an external energy source or as work by an external machine acting on the system to sustain the work of the system continuously.
The ideal isolated system, of which the entire universe is an example, is often only used as a model. Many systems in practical applications require the consideration of internal chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as transfers of matter into or out of the system. For such considerations, thermodynamics also defines the concept of open systems, closed systems, and other types.
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