The chemical structure of cryptoxanthin, a yellow tetraterpenoid of the xanthophyll type.
Tetraterpenes are terpenes consisting of eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64.[1]Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups.
Phytoene is biosynthesized via the head-to-head condensation of two GGPP molecules.[2] One group of tetraterpenes, and possibly the most studied one, is the carotenoids pigments. Carotenoids have important biological functions, with roles in light capture, antioxidative activity and protection against free radicals, synthesis of plant hormones and as structural components of the membranes. Aside their biological relevance, carotenoids are also high-value compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Carotenoids are biosynthesized by photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms; however, in photosynthetic organisms, they are essential components as accessory pigments for the light-harvesting reaction centers.[3][4][5] Xanthophylls are another group of tetraterpene pigments distributed widely in nature.
^Davis, Edward M.; Croteau, Rodney (2000). "Cyclization enzymes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes". Biosynthesis. Vol. 209. pp. 53–95. doi:10.1007/3-540-48146-X_2. ISBN 978-3-540-66573-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Umeno D, Tobias AV, Arnold FH (December 2002). "Evolution of the C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM for function in a C40 pathway". Journal of Bacteriology. 184 (23): 6690–9. doi:10.1128/JB.184.23.6690-6699.2002. PMC 135437. PMID 12426357.
^Domonkos I, Kis M, Gombos Z, Ughy B (October 2013). "Carotenoids, versatile components of oxygenic photosynthesis". Progress in Lipid Research. 52 (4): 539–61. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.001. PMID 23896007.
^Havaux M (April 1998). "Carotenoids as membrane stabilizers in chloroplasts". Trends in Plant Science. 3 (4): 147–151. doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01200-x.
^Sozer O, Komenda J, Ughy B, Domonkos I, Laczkó-Dobos H, Malec P, Gombos Z, Kis M (May 2010). "Involvement of carotenoids in the synthesis and assembly of protein subunits of photosynthetic reaction centers of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803". Plant & Cell Physiology. 51 (5): 823–35. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcq031. PMID 20231245.
Tetraterpenes are terpenes consisting of eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64. Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are...
Lycopene is an organic compound classified as a tetraterpene and a carotene. Lycopene (from the Neo-Latin Lycopersicon, the name of a former tomato genus)...
molecule. Commonly, terpenes contain 2, 3, 4 or 6 isoprene units; the tetraterpenes (8 isoprene units) form a separate class of compounds called carotenoids;...
Astaxanthin /æstəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as carotenones or terpenes. Astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin...
Carotane is a plant pigment that belongs to a class of tetraterpenes called carotenoids. These tetraterpenes are known for their yellow, orange, and red colors...
mass: 544.94 g/mol, exact mass: 544.5008 u) may refer to: Phytoene any tetraterpene This set index page lists chemical structure articles associated with...
in plants, certain fungi, and bacteria. Structurally carotenes are tetraterpenes, meaning that they are synthesized biochemically from four 10-carbon...
purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen). All are derivatives of tetraterpenes, meaning that they are produced from 8 isoprene units and contain 40...
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is...
Canthaxanthin /ˌkænθəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as...
coloured, due to the presence of conjugated double bonds. Carotenes are tetraterpenes, meaning that they are derived from eight 5-carbon isoprene units (or...
regulators of certain developmental responses in plants.[citation needed] Tetraterpenes are synthesized from DOXP precursors in plants and some bacteria. Carotenoids...
Violaxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants. Violaxanthin is the product of the epoxidation of zeaxanthin where...
other carotenoids; two molecules of GGPP condense to form the symmetric tetraterpene phytoene. This molecule then undergoes three desaturations to form neurosporene...
Phytoene (/ˈfaɪtoʊiːn/) is a 40-carbon intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis...
Flavoxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a golden-yellow color found in small quantities in a variety of plants. As a food additive it used under...
Rhodoxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with a purple color that is found in small quantities in a variety of plants including Taxus baccata and Lonicera...
Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E...
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