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The Fez cap
the modern Flag of Turkey
the Ortaköy Mosque
and Marmara University were all developed and introduced during the reforms of the Tanzimat
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Decline & Modernization (1789–1908)
Nizam-i Djedid (late 18th and early 19th)
Tanzimat Era (1839–1876)
1st Constitutional Era (1876–1878)
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2nd Constitutional Era (1908–1920)
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The Tanzimat[a] (Turkish:[tanziˈmat]; Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, romanized: Tanzimât, lit. 'Reorganization', see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.[2] The Tanzimat era began with the purpose not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire.[3][better source needed] It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.
Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice"; other historians have argued that the decreased ability of non-Muslims to assert their legal rights during this period led to the land seizure and emigration.[4] Part of the reform policy was an economic policy based on the Treaty of Balta Liman of 1838. Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many Muslims saw them as a foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state.[5] During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the replacement of religious law with secular law[6] and guilds with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840.[7][8]
^Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51.
^Cleveland & Bunton 2012, p. 82.
^Guler, Emre (2014). Masculinities In Early Turkish Republican Novels (1924-1951) (MA thesis). Istanbul Bilgi University.
^Maksudyan, Nazan (2019). "review of This Is a Man's World?: On Fathers and Architects: Talaat Pasha father of modern Turkey, architect of genocide, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2018". Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (4): 540–544. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1613816. S2CID 181910618.
^Roderic, H. Davison (1990). Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 – The Impact of the West. University of Texas Press. pp. 115–116.
^Ishtiaq, Hussain. "The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire" (PDF). Faith Matters.
^"PTT Chronology" (in Turkish). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
^"History of the Turkish Postal Service". Ptt.gov.tr. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
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introduced during the reforms of the Tanzimat The Tanzimat (Turkish: [tanziˈmat]; Ottoman Turkish: تنظيمات, romanized: Tanzimât, lit. 'Reorganization', see nizam)...
administrator and statesman, who is known for his prominent role in the Tanzimat reforms of the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire, as well as his leadership...
Vilayet, the Aleppo Vilayet and the Beirut Vilayet, following the 1864 Tanzimat reforms. Finally, in 1872, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was split from...
in the Empire, an effort that had been ongoing since the last century's Tanzimat reforms under sultan Mahmud II. Many of the original Young Turks rejected...
removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could...
and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman Empire. Following the Tanzimat reforms begun in 1839, Ottomanism developed from a need to bring the Empire...
bureaucrat, administrator, and historian who was a prominent figure in the Tanzimat reforms of the Ottoman Empire. He was the head of the Mecelle commission...
Abdulmejid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively...
prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the Tanzimat; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more...
Liberalism was introduced in the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat period of reformation. On 30 May 1876, Murad V became the Sultan when his uncle Abdülaziz...
was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. The decree from Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I promised equality...
administrative, military, and fiscal reforms which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization") that was carried out by his successors. His disbandment...
however, he had to surrender the area back to the Ottomans. From 1864, Tanzimat reforms were applied on Ottoman Syria, carving out the provinces (vilayets)...
Mir Kor. Two years later, Mir Kor was ousted by the Ottomans. After the Tanzimat, which were the strongest Ottoman reforms, Bedir Khan Beg, a former Ottoman...
of the 18th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The Tanzimat reforms, initiated by Mahmud II in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman...
Ottoman rule was restored with British support in 1840. Shortly after, the Tanzimat reforms were implemented across the Ottoman Empire. Since the existence...
the coastal cities of the Ottoman Empire to trade, especially after the Tanzimat era. Their estimated population today is around 1,000. They mainly reside...
Ottoman Empire underwent a period of Westernization and reform known as the Tanzimat, vastly increasing its control over core territories in the Middle East...
Duinkerken, W. (1998). Educational reform in the tanzimat era (1839–1876): Secular reforms in tanzimat (Unpublished masters thesis, McGiIl University)...
Manumission Political freedom Revolution (disambiguation) Self-determination Tanzimat Women's suffrage Youth rights In other words, as stipulated in the Constitution...
that covered the whole body and head except for the eyes. During the 'Tanzimat' and 'Meşrutiyet' period in the 19th century, common people still wearing...
Şehremini on July 13, 1858, and governed until November 4, 1858. During the Tanzimat period, 18 mayors took office. In 1876, as First constitutional monarchy...
became more prominent. This policy was a part of the Tanzimat Reforms of from 1839 to 1869. The Tanzimat Reforms revolved around security, military and modernized...
divisions (eyalets and vilayets) and later in the 19th-century Westernizing tanzimat (reforms). The Ottoman flag of 1844, with a white ay-yıldız (Turkish for...
the 19th century as a home for Maronite Christians under the Ottoman "Tanzimat" period. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire around World War I...
Ottoman Empire resurgent following victory over Russia and two decades of Tanzimat reform. By the end of his reign, the Ottoman Navy became the world's third...
Vilayet, which Transjordan was part of. A series of tax and land reforms (Tanzimat) in 1864 brought some prosperity back to agriculture and to abandoned villages;...
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