30th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839
Not to be confused with Mehmed II.
For other uses, see Mahmud II (disambiguation).
Mahmud II
Ottoman Caliph Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Sultan of the two lands, Khan of the two seas[1]
Portrait by Henri-Guillaume Schlesinger, 1839
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign
28 July 1808 – 1 July 1839
Predecessor
Mustafa IV
Successor
Abdulmejid I
Born
20 July 1785 Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Died
1 July 1839(1839-07-01) (aged 53) Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
Consorts
Nevfidan Kadın
Hoşyar Kadın
Aşubcan Kadın
Bezmiâlem Kadın
Pertevniyal Kadın
Others
Issue Among others
Saliha Sultan
Mihrimah Sultan
Abdulmejid I
Atiye Sultan
Adile Sultan
Abdulaziz
Names
Mahmud Han bin Abdülhamid
Dynasty
Ottoman
Father
Abdul Hamid I
Mother
Nakşidil Sultan
Religion
Sunni Islam
Tughra
This article contains Ottoman Turkish text, written from right to left with some Arabic letters and additional symbols joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols.
Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى, romanized: Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, Turkish: II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. Often described as "Peter the Great of Turkey",[2] Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization") that was carried out by his successors. His disbandment of the conservative Janissary corps removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeat and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention.
Mahmud ascended the throne following a 1808 coup which deposed his half-brother Mustafa IV. Early in his reign, the Ottoman Empire ceded Bessarabia to Russia at the end of the 1806–1812 Russo-Turkish War. Greece waged a successful war of independence that started in 1821 with British, French and Russian support, and Mahmud was forced to recognize the independent Greek state in 1832. The Ottomans lost more territory to Russia after the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, and Ottoman Algeria was conquered by France beginning in 1830.
The Empire's continued decline convinced Mahmud to resume the reforms that were halted before he came to power. In 1826, he orchestrated the Auspicious Incident, in which the Janissary corps were forcibly abolished and many of its members executed, paving the way for the establishment of a modern Ottoman Army and further military reforms. Mahmud also made sweeping changes to the bureaucracy in order to reestablish royal authority and increase administrative efficiency, and oversaw a reorganisation of the Ottoman foreign office. In 1839, Mahmud introduced a Council of Ministers. He died of tuberculosis later that year and was succeeded by his son Abdulmejid I, who would continue to implement his modernization efforts.
^"Beshlik - Mahmud II Second Issue".
^Eugene Rogan (4 October 2002). Outside In: Marginality in the Modern Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-86064-698-0.
unjoined letters or other symbols. MahmudII (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى, romanized: Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, Turkish: II. Mahmud; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was...
Paduka Sri Sultan Mahmud Syah II ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim Syah (1675 or 1680 – 1699) was the Sultan of Johor, Pahang and Lingga (1685 – 3 September...
Muhammad II ibn Mahmud (1128 – 1159) was Sultan of Seljuq Empire from 1153 to 1159. He was son of MahmudII and brother of Malik-Shah III. The Cambridge...
Hümâyun (Ottoman Imperial Band/Orchestra, established by his grandfather MahmudII who had appointed Donizetti Pasha as its Instructor General in 1828),...
Mahmud I (Ottoman Turkish: محمود اول, Turkish: I. Mahmud; 2 August 1696 – 13 December 1754), known as Mahmud the Hunchback, was the sultan of the Ottoman...
Mahmud is a transliteration of the male Arabic given name محمود (Maḥmūd), common in most parts of the Islamic world. It comes from the Arabic triconsonantal...
The tomb of MahmudII is in Istanbul, Turkey. "MAHMUDII TÜRBESİ, SEBİLİ, ÇEŞMESİ ve HAZÎRESİ". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Archived from the...
1794–1817 Mir Mahmud Khan I Ahmadzai 1817–1839 Mir Mehrab Khan Ahmadzai II 1839–1841 Mir Shah Nawaz Khan Ahmadzai 1841–1857 Mir Nasir Khan II Ahmadzai 1857–1863...
would become an important adviser to his cousin Bayezid II. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi. Şahzade Selçuk Hatun (1430 – 21 October 1480)...
Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (1767–1852) was the 8th Sultan of the Palembang Sultanate from 1804–1821. His parents is Sultan Muhammad Bahauddin and Ratu...
Hüttler, Michael, ed. (2014). The time of Joseph Haydn: from Sultan Mahmud I to MahmudII (r. 1730 - 1839). Ottoman Empire and European theatre / ed. by Michael...
when he was overthrown in a government coup. He was a son of Sultan MahmudII and succeeded his brother Abdulmejid I in 1861. Abdulaziz's reign began...
during the reign of Murad II. The corps was established either under Sultans Orhan or Murad I, and dismantled by MahmudII in 1826. Janissaries began...
by Selim III Aiming stone of MahmudII at Acibadem, Üsküdar A Nişan taşı in Okmeydanı, Istanbul Aiming Stone of MahmudII in Keçecipiri during late 19th...
firstly in 1562 to Çakırcıbaşı Hasan Pasha, married secondly in 1574 to Zal Mahmud Pasha; Gevherhan Sultan (Manisa, 1544 - Constantinople, c.1624, buried with...
Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789) and Sineperver Sultan. Both he and his brother, MahmudII, were the last remaining male members of the House of Osman after their...
1808, he took power in a military coup, replacing Sultan Mustafa IV with MahmudII and becoming grand vizier. He attempted to revive Selim's reform program...
June 1861) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He succeeded his father MahmudII on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements...
married his cousin Şahnisa Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Abdullah. Şehzade Mahmud (1475 – 4 November 1507) – unknown motherhood, full-brother of Gevhermülük...
(2001). The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453–1474). Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5...
year, MahmudII, son of Muhammad I Tapar, and sultan of Isfahan, decided to sue for peace with Alamut. Unfortunately, the Isma'ili envoys to MahmudII were...
current Ottoman Sultan MahmudII and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid. This possibility so alarmed MahmudII that he accepted Russia's...
consort Şermi Kadın. Ahmed III abdicated his power in favour of his nephew Mahmud I, who was then succeeded by his brother Osman III, and Osman by Ahmed's...
illustration of the Tophane Barracks built by MahmudII (with the Nusretiye Mosque behind) During the reign of MahmudII (r. 1808–1839) the Empire style, a Neoclassical...
wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew: Mahmud I, Barkiyaruq, Malik Shah II and Muhammad I Tapar. In 1096, he was tasked to govern the...
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