Bronze age city-state mentioned in the Armana Letters
Approximate location of Subartu.
The land of Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) or Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur, Ugaritic 𐎘𐎁𐎗 ṯbr) is mentioned in Bronze Age literature. The name also appears as Subari in the Amarna letters, and, in the form Šbr, in Ugarit.
Subartu was apparently a kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, at the upper Tigris and later it referred to a region of Mesopotamia. Most scholars suggest that Subartu is an early name for people of upper Mesopotamia proper on the Tigris and westward, although there are various other theories placing it sometimes a little farther to the east and/or north. Its precise location has not been identified.
From the point of view of the Akkadian Empire, Subartu marked the northern geographical horizon, just as Amurru, Elam and Sumer marked "west", "east" and "south", respectively, functioning as a term to mean 'north'.[1]
^McMahon, Augusta (2013), "North Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC", The Sumerian World, pp. 486–501, doi:10.4324/9780203096604-37, ISBN 9780203096604, retrieved 1 March 2023
The land of Subartu (Akkadian Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri) or Subar (Sumerian Su-bir4/Subar/Šubur, Ugaritic 𐎘𐎁𐎗 ṯbr) is mentioned...
history. He is best known for his account of Armenian prehistory in Armenia, Subartu And Sumer, published in 1987 in both English and Armenian. Martiros Kavoukjian...
century BC, Amedi region was part of Kurda and it was entirely inhabited by Subartu, which did not speak a Semitic language. During the rule of the Mittani...
belonged to Subartu. Days of each month follows the same pattern, beginning with one for Akkad, two for Elam, three for Amurru, four for Subartu, five for...
regarded as derived from, or even synonymous with, the earlier kingdom of Subartu (Sumerian: Shubur), mentioned in Mesopotamian records as early as the 3rd...
original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Finkelstein, J.J. (1955). "Subartu and Subarian in Old Babylonian Sources". Journal of Cuneiform Studies....
names of Elam and Gutium: "the Cedar Mountains, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, Subartu, Amurru, Sutium, or the Eanna Mountain". The same inscription also recorded...
The origin of the Armenians is a topic concerned with the emergence of the Armenian people and the country called Armenia. The earliest universally accepted...
C, Tendances dans l'interprétation historique des données nouvelles, (Subartu) – Chapter : Old and New Perspectives on the Origins of the Halaf Culture...
then the dominant Sumerian ruler in Mesopotamia, mentions "smiting Subartu" (Subartu being the Sumerian name for Assyria). Similarly, in c. the early 25th...
In Early and Middle Bronze Age the region was geographically known as Subartu and was inhabited by the Hurrian speaking Subarians along with Gutians...
become his vassals. Also shortly after, another revolt took place: the Subartu the upper country—in their turn attacked, but they submitted to his arms...
their widespreading host he destroyed. Afterward he attacked the land of Subartu in his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt...
view of the Akkadians, the northern geographical horizon was marked by Subartu, the west by Mar.tu, the east by Elam and the south by Sumer; later rulers...
the land of Subir. Subir, which also appears in the variants Subar and Subartu, is attested as a name for the land surrounding Assur, but the later Assyrians...
SUNY Press. p. 493. ISBN 978-0-87395-323-8. Kavoukjian, Martiros Armenia, Subartu and Sumer [1] Montreal. (1987) pp. 71-72 "Vahagn" in Facts on File Encyclopedia...
Mountain, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, Subartu, Amurru, Sutium and ... The ... of the Cedar Mountain, Elam, Marḫaši, Gutium, ... Subartu, Amurru, Sutium, and the Mountain(...
nations providing his empire tribute. These inscriptions locate them between Subartu in the north, and Marhashe and Elam in the south. Sargon the Great (r....
the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Preliminary report of the 2011 season.", Subartu 6, 23–57, 2013 Lawler, Andrew., "Erbil Revealed", Archaeology, vol. 67...
Marc; Sauvage, Martin (eds.), Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia, Subartu, vol. 13, pp. 7–21, ISBN 978-2503991207 Postgate, J.N. (1992), Early Mesopotamia...
Amurru was called one of the "four quarters" surrounding Akkad, along with Subartu/Assyria, Sumer, and Elam.[citation needed] Amorite dynasties also came...
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