S. pneumoniae in spinal fluid. FA stain (digitally colored).
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Lactobacillales
Family:
Streptococcaceae
Genus:
Streptococcus
Species:
S. pneumoniae
Binomial name
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(Klein 1884) Chester 1901
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus.[1] They are usually found in pairs (diplococci) and do not form spores and are non motile.[2] As a significant human pathogenic bacterium S. pneumoniae was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century, and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies.[citation needed]
Streptococcus pneumoniae resides asymptomatically in healthy carriers typically colonizing the respiratory tract, sinuses, and nasal cavity. However, in susceptible individuals with weaker immune systems, such as the elderly and young children, the bacterium may become pathogenic and spread to other locations to cause disease. It spreads by direct person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets and by auto inoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upper respiratory tracts.[3] It can be a cause of neonatal infections.[4]
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly,[5] and of sepsis in those infected with HIV. The organism also causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than pneumonia. These invasive pneumococcal diseases include bronchitis, rhinitis, acute sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis, peritonitis, pericarditis, cellulitis, and brain abscess.[6]
Streptococcus pneumoniae can be differentiated from the viridans streptococci, some of which are also alpha-hemolytic, using an optochin test, as S. pneumoniae is optochin-sensitive. S. pneumoniae can also be distinguished based on its sensitivity to lysis by bile, the so-called "bile solubility test". The encapsulated, Gram-positive, coccoid bacteria have a distinctive morphology on Gram stain, lancet-shaped diplococci. They have a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; more than 100 different serotypes are known, and these types differ in virulence, prevalence, and extent of drug resistance.
The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) serves as a critical defense mechanism against the host immune system. It composes the outermost layer of encapsulated strains of S. pneumoniae and is commonly attached to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall. [7] It consists of a viscous substance derived from a high-molecular-weight polymer composed of repeating oligosaccharide units linked by covalent bonds to the cell wall. The virulence and invasiveness of various strains of S. pneumoniae vary according to their serotypes, determined by their chemical composition and the quantity of CPS they produce. Variations among different S. pneumoniae strains significantly influence pathogenesis, determining bacterial survival and likelihood of causing invasive disease. [8] Additionally, the CPS inhibits phagocytosis by preventing granulocytes’ access to the cell wall. [9]
^Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
^Baucells B, Mercadal Hally M, Álvarez Sánchez A, Figueras Aloy J (2015). "Asociaciones de probióticos para la prevención de la enterocolitis necrosante y la reducción de la sepsis tardía y la mortalidad neonatal en recién nacidos pretérmino de menos de 1.500g: una revisión sistemática". Anales de Pediatría. 85 (5): 247–255. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.07.038. ISSN 1695-4033. PMID 26611880.
^van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF (5 January 2006). "Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis in Adults". New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052116. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 16394301.
^Siemieniuk RA, Gregson, Dan B., Gill, M. John (Nov 2011). "The persisting burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV patients: an observational cohort study". BMC Infectious Diseases. 11: 314. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-314. PMC 3226630. PMID 22078162.
^Paton JC, Trappetti C (2019-04-12). Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI (eds.). "Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharide". Microbiology Spectrum. 7 (2). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0019-2018. ISSN 2165-0497. PMID 30977464.
^Morais V, Dee V, Suárez N (2018-10-12). "Purification of Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Traditional and New Methods". Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 6: 145. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2018.00145. ISSN 2296-4185. PMC 6194195. PMID 30370268.
Streptococcuspneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacteria, alpha-hemolytic member of the genus Streptococcus. They are usually...
conversion of hemoglobin to green biliverdin. Streptococcuspneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) display...
Pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcuspneumoniae. S. pneumoniae is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the...
pathogenicity is low. Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from Streptococcuspneumoniae using an optochin test, as viridans streptococci are optochin-resistant;...
to prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those caused by Streptococcuspneumoniae bacteria, linked to influenza, or linked to COVID-19) are available...
Moraxella catarrhalis. Examples of gram-positive diplococci are Streptococcuspneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. Presumably, diplococcus has been implicated...
which antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule of Streptococcuspneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Bacillus anthracis, Haemophilus...
such as lactoferrin, to prevent the formation of the biofilms. Streptococcuspneumoniae is the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis...
commonly affected by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) and Streptococcuspneumoniae (serotypes 6, 9, 14, 18 and 23) and those under five by Haemophilus...
species of Streptococcus, including group B streptococcusStreptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcuspneumoniae, which cause other types of infections. Several...
antigen: Streptococcuspneumoniae and viridans streptococci. Group A - Streptococcus pyogenes Group B - Streptococcus agalactiae Group C - Streptococcus equisimilis...
historically recognized causes, such as Streptococcuspneumoniae. Because it does not gram stain well, and because C. pneumoniae bacteria is very different from...
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a type of bacterial pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcuspneumoniae (pneumococcus). It is the most common bacterial pneumonia found...
polysaccharides. Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pyogenes synthesizes a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococcuspneumoniae has at least 91 different capsular...
treatment for pediatric pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcuspneumoniae, and as a second-line agent for the treatment of penicillin-sensitive...
dramatically increases the efficiency of lateral gene transfer in Streptococcuspneumoniae and related commensal species". Mol. Microbiol. 69 (1): 245–53...
common pathogens responsible for NP are Streptococcuspneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Diagnosis is usually done by chest imaging...
1930s and was contrasted with the bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcuspneumoniae, at that time the best known and most commonly occurring form of...
Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcuspneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis...
but they include Streptococcuspneumoniae, viruses, the atypical bacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae. Overall, Streptococcuspneumoniae is the most common...
to PBP alterations is highly varied. A common case is found in Streptococcuspneumoniae where there is mutation in the gene for PBP, and the mutant PBPs...
young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcuspneumoniae (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of...
lymphoma after a renal transplant, which requires immunosuppression), Streptococcuspneumoniae is spread through contact with respiratory secretions, such as...
heptadecapeptide pheromone induces competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcuspneumoniae". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92 (24): 11140–11144. doi:10.1073/pnas...
observed in many forms. A number of bacteria species, including Streptococcuspneumoniae, display the Quellung reaction visible under a microscope. Others...
Global Information
