Stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair information
Medical procedure
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in multiple human adult tissues, including bone marrow, synovial tissues, and adipose tissues. Since they are derived from the mesoderm, they have been shown to differentiate into bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue.[1][2] MSCs from embryonic sources have shown promise scientifically while creating significant controversy. As a result, many researchers have focused on adult stem cells,[3] or stem cells isolated from adult humans that can be transplanted into damaged tissue.
Because of their multi-potent capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineages have been used successfully in animal models to regenerate articular cartilage and in human models to regenerate bone.[4][5][6] Recent research demonstrates that articular cartilage may be able to be repaired via the percutaneous introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC's).[7]
Stem cells, as a concept, originated as a theory in the 19th century to potentially allow certain tissues to self-renew. There are five types of stem cells, and MSC's are multi-potent, meaning they are cells that have the ability to develop into more than one type of specialized cell. Mesenchymal stem cells were originally discovered and studied as fibroblast-colony-forming cells in guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells by Friedenstein in the 1970s.[8] This study proved that the colony-forming units of bone marrow-derived stem cells were able to form cartilage once they were transplanted into a diffusion chamber.[9] The results of this study set the stage for future research by indicating the differentiation capacity of MSC's.[citation needed]
^Szilvassy SJ. (2003). "The biology of hematopoietic stem cells". Arch Med Res. 34 (6): 446–60. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2003.06.004. PMID 14734085.
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Mahla RS (2016). "Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics". International Journal of Cell Biology. 2016 (7): 1–24. doi:10.1155/2016/6940283. PMC 4969512. PMID 27516776.
^Luyten FP. (2004). "Mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 16 (5): 599–603. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000130284.64686.63. PMID 15314501. S2CID 20638965.
^Walsh CJ, Goodman D, Caplan AI, Goldberg VM (1999). "Meniscus regeneration in a rabbit partial meniscectomy model". Tissue Eng. 5 (4): 327–37. doi:10.1089/ten.1999.5.327. PMID 10477855.
^Friedenstein, A. J.; Chailakhjan, R. K.; Lalykina, K. S. (October 1970). "The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells". Cell and Tissue Kinetics. 3 (4): 393–403. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1970.tb00347.x. ISSN 0008-8730. PMID 5523063. S2CID 45546484.
^Owen, M.; Friedenstein, A. J. (1988). "Stromal Stem Cells: Marrow‐Derived Osteogenic Precursors". Ciba Foundation Symposium 136 ‐ Cell and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Hard Tissues. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 136. pp. 42–60. doi:10.1002/9780470513637.ch4. ISBN 9780470513637. ISSN 0300-5208. PMID 3068016.
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