D-Glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (monomers)
Sodium hyaluronate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound
Hyaluronic acid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/;[1][2] abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the plasma membrane instead of the Golgi apparatus, and can be very large: human synovial HA averages about 7 million Da per molecule, or about 20,000 disaccharide monomers,[3] while other sources mention 3–4 million Da.[4]
The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.[5]
As one of the chief components of the extracellular matrix, it contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration, and is involved in the progression of many malignant tumors.[6][7] Hyaluronic acid is also a component of the group A streptococcal extracellular capsule,[8] and is believed to play a role in virulence.[9][10][11]
^"Hyaluronic Acid | Definition of Hyaluronic Acid by Oxford Dictionary". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019.
^"Hyaluronic acid". wordreference.com.
^Fraser JR, Laurent TC, Laurent UB (1997). "Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover". J. Intern. Med. 242 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x. PMID 9260563. S2CID 37551992.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid8406685 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Stern R (2004). "Hyaluronan catabolism: a new metabolic pathway". Eur. J. Cell Biol. 83 (7): 317–25. doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00392. PMID 15503855.
^Stern, Robert, ed. (2009). Hyaluronan in cancer biology (1st ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-374178-3.
^Itano, Naoki (2002). "Abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan matrix diminishes contact inhibition of cell growth and promotes cell migration". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (6). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA: 3609–3614. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3609I. doi:10.1073/pnas.052026799. PMC 122571. PMID 11891291.
^Sugahara K, Schwartz NB, Dorfman A (1979). "Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 254 (14): 6252–6261. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50356-2. PMID 376529.
^Rao S, Pham TH, Poudyal S, Cheng LW, Nazareth SC, Wang PC, et al. (2021-04-27). "First report on genetic characterization, cell-surface properties and pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae, emerging pathogen isolated from cage-cultured cobia (Rachycentron canadum)". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 69 (3). Hindawi Limited: 1197–1211. doi:10.1111/tbed.14083. ISSN 1865-1674. PMID 33759359. S2CID 232338928.
^Wessels MR, Moses AE, Goldberg JB, DiCesare TJ (1991). "Hyaluronic acid capsule is a virulence factor for mucoid group A streptococci". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (19): 8317–8321. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.8317W. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8317. PMC 52499. PMID 1656437.
^Schrager HM, Rheinwald JG, Wessels MR (1996). "Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection". J. Clin. Invest. 98 (9): 1954–1958. doi:10.1172/JCI118998. PMC 507637. PMID 8903312.
Hyaluronicacid (/ˌhaɪ.əljʊəˈrɒnɪk/; abbreviated HA; conjugate base hyaluronate), also called hyaluronan, is an anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan...
Microbial hyaluronicacid production refers to the process by which microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, are utilized in fermentation to synthesize...
associated with an increase in intraocular pressure. Injections of hyaluronicacid have not produced improvement compared to placebo for knee arthritis...
hyaluronicacid (HA) content is high. HA is a bulky, negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, whose strong affinity with water procures hyaluronicacid its...
Hyaluronicacid is thus found in abundance in the ECM of load-bearing joints. It is also a chief component of the interstitial gel. Hyaluronicacid is...
N-linked glycosylation or O-linked glycosylation of the proteoglycan Hyaluronicacid (also known as hyaluronan), which is synthesized by integral membrane...
salt of hyaluronicacid, a glycosaminoglycan found in various connective tissue of humans. Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt of hyaluronicacid. It is...
Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronicacid. Karl Meyer classified these enzymes in 1971, into three distinct groups...
fluid contains 3–4 mg/ml hyaluronan (hyaluronicacid), a polymer of disaccharides composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine joined by alternating...
the lips using botulinum neurotoxin type A and occasionally adding hyaluronicacid fillers. The procedure is performed in order to increase the size of...
formulation of non-animal sourced hyaluronicacid (HA). In the United States, Restylane was the first hyaluronicacid filler to be approved by the U.S...
as keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate attached to strands of hyaluronicacid. The glycosaminoglycan side chains are polyanionic, which causes adjacent...
retinal arteries can occur. Fillers are made of polysaccharides such as hyaluronicacids, a naturally occurring in skin and cartilage, collagens which may come...
to improve attractiveness. More recently, repeated use of Botox and hyaluronicacid fillers has replaced some surgeries since 2002. Magazines have edited...
zooepidemicus is encapsulated, with a capsular polysaccharide containing hyaluronicacid, as well as being facultative anaerobes. The cells usually form in...
for reinnervation of the target in vivo after a spinal cord injury. Hyaluronicacid (HA) is a widely used biomaterial as a result of its excellent biocompatibility...
prostaglandin E2, increase glycosaminoglycan production, and may increase hyaluronicacid production. The degree of these effects in horses after intramuscular...
known for their hyaluronicacid products, and for offering eco-friendly refill pouches. Their flagship offering, the Super HyaluronicAcid Moisturizing Lotion...
both endogenous and synthetic chemicals. Endogenous molecules include hyaluronicacid, glucosamine, and chondroitin sulfate. Felson, David T.; Kim, Young-Jo...
anti-inflammatory agents, the most common of which are corticosteroids. Hyaluronicacid, because of its high viscosity, is sometimes used to replace bursa...
thiomers). Thiol groups are covalently attached to polysaccharides such as hyaluronicacid or chitosan. As thiolated polysaccharides can crosslink via disulfide...
viscosupplementation (including hyaluronicacid injections), and glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate. Hyaluronicacid is normally present in joints (including...
and tumor metastasis. CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronicacid and internalizes metals bound to hyaluronicacid and can also interact with other ligands, such...
substance include hyaluronicacid, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate. With the exception of hyaluronicacid, GAGs are bound to...
feature or section of the face. One type of dermal filler is Hyaluronicacid. Hyaluronicacid is naturally found throughout the human body. It plays a vital...
hyaluronicacid acts as a delivery medium for OCP. Synthesis of Hyaluronic-OCP scaffolds is achieved by simply mixing OCP granules with hyaluronic acid...
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