Stadium diplomacy is a form of subsidy practiced by a nation through building and financing the construction of stadiums and sports facilities.[1][2][3] China uses this form of soft power to secure diplomatic recognition in line with the One-China policy and to secure natural resources.[2][4]
The construction of stadiums is financed depending on the project with some given as gifts; paid for through low interest, concessional loans; built in partnership with both credit and the host nation taking on different construction responsibilities; or through some other kind of partnership.[5] This form of diplomacy was practiced as early as 1958, when the Chinese government financed the construction of the National Sports Stadium in neighboring Mongolia.[6]
^Staff writer (November 7, 2006). "India vice president to open new Guyana cricket stadium". Taiwan News. Retrieved March 22, 2021. Guyana's new cricket stadium for next year's World Cup will be officially opened by India vice president Bhairon Singh Shekhawat on Wednesday. India provided a US$6 million (euro4.7 million) grant and US$19 million (euro15 million) in loans for the 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, which will host Super 8 matches during the World Cup next March and April.
^ abVondracek, Hugh (2019). "China's Stadium Diplomacy and its Determinants: a typological investigation of soft power". Journal of China and International Relations. 7 (1). doi:10.5278/jcir.v7i1.6638.
^Amaresh, Preethi (November 3, 2020). "China's Stadium Diplomacy: All that Glitters is Not Gold". Diplomatist. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
^"China's 'Stadium Diplomacy' In Africa And Its Top Beneficiaries". Ventures Africa. 2013-03-29.
^Chang, Wei; Xue, Charlie; Ding, Guanghui (16 April 2019). "Architecture of Diplomacy: Chinese Construction Aid in Asia, 1950–1976". ARENA Journal of Architectural Research. 4 (1): 10–11. doi:10.5334/ajar.147. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
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