Global InformationParadiplomacy information
Paradiplomacy is the involvement of non-central governments in international relations. The phenomenon includes a variety of practices, from town twinning to transnational networking, decentralized cooperation, and advocacy in international summits. Following the movement of globalisation, non-central governments have been playing increasingly influential roles on the global scene, connecting across national borders and developing their own foreign policies.[1][2] Regions, states, provinces and cities seek their way to promote cooperation, cultural exchanges, trade and partnership, in a large diversity of ways and objectives depending on their decentralization, cultural, and socio-economical contexts. This trend raises new questions concerning public international law and opened a debate on the global governance regime, and the evolution of the nation-led system that has provided the grounds for the international political order in the last centuries.
The term combines the Greek word "para" (παρα) and "diplomacy" to imply actions along, aside, apart and even, despite and against national diplomacy.[3][4]
If the term "paradiplomacy" has sometimes been used to refer to informal track-two diplomacy, its definition has crystallized in the 1980's through the work of Ivo Duchacek and Panayotis Soldatos, proposing the clear definition of "direct and indirect entries of non-central governments into the field of international relations".[5][6] The academic field of paradiplomatic studies is nonetheless suffering from fragmentation and terminological scatterdness, resulting both from ongoing debates within scholars,[7] and from the diversity of terms characterizing subnational governments worldwide. Other current denominations for paradiplomacy and related concepts can be multilayered diplomacy, substate diplomacy, decentralized cooperation, people-to-people diplomacy and intermestic affairs. This latter concept expresses a growing trend to the internationalization of domestic ("intermestic") issues, which takes local and regional concerns to the central stage of international affairs.
The intentions of subnational governments are diverse and depend on the level of devolution of power form the central government following the principle of subsidiarity, and from the level of local democracy defined by decentralization laws.[8] Some subnational governments engage in paradiplomatic activities to promote development by exploring complementarity with partners facing similar problems, with a view to joining forces to arrive at solutions more easily. In addition, they can explore opportunities alongside international organizations that offer assistance programs for local development projects, with ideas of cross-cultural connexions and reciprocity.[9]
- ^ Paquin, Stéphane (2019). "Paradiplomacy" (PDF). In Balzacq, Thierry; Charillon, Frédéric; Ramel, Frédéric (eds.). Global Diplomacy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. Vol. 1. London: Palgrave. pp. 49–61.
- ^ Tavares, Rodrigo (2016). Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190462116.
- ^ Duchacek, Ivo D. (1990). Federalism and international relations : the role of subnational units. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-827491-2.
- ^ Tavares, Rodrigo (2016). Paradiplomacy : cities and states as global players. New York. ISBN 9780190462116.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Duchacek, Ivo D. (1984). "The International Dimension of Subnational Self-Government". Publius. 14 (4): 5–31. JSTOR 3330188.
- ^ Michelmann, Hans; Soldatos, Panayotis (1990). Federalism and international relations : the role of subnational units. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-827491-2.
- ^ Schiavon, Jorge A. (2019). Comparative paradiplomacy. London. p. 3. ISBN 9781351012317.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ KUZNETSOV, ALEXANDER S. (2020). THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARADIPLOMACY : subnational governments in international affairs. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. ISBN 9780367600402.
- ^ Salles, Fernanda; Santos, Silvia Guiomar (2014). "La capacidad de poder de los gobiernos locales en el campo del desarrollo: un análisis de la posición de Minas Gerais a partir de 2003". Apuntes: Revista de Ciencias Sociales. 41 (74): 169–195. doi:10.21678/apuntes.74.706.