Evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species
For the electrochemical phenomenon, see Ion speciation.
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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages.[1][2][3] Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.[4] He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic.
There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject of much ongoing discussion.[5]
Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through polyploidy, such as by doubling of chromosome number; the result is progeny which are immediately reproductively isolated from the parent population. New species can also be created through hybridization, followed by reproductive isolation, if the hybrid is favoured by natural selection.[citation needed]
^Berlocher 1998, p. 3
^Cook, Orator F. (March 30, 1906). "Factors of species-formation". Science. 23 (587): 506–507. Bibcode:1906Sci....23..506C. doi:10.1126/science.23.587.506. PMID 17789700.
^Cook, Orator F. (November 1908). "Evolution Without Isolation". The American Naturalist. 42 (503): 727–731. doi:10.1086/279001. S2CID 84565616.
^Via, Sara (June 16, 2009). "Natural selection in action during speciation". PNAS. 106 (Suppl 1): 9939–9946. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.9939V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901397106. PMC 2702801. PMID 19528641.
^Schneider, Christopher J. (31 October 2000). "Natural selection and speciation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (23): 12398–12399. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9712398S. doi:10.1073/pnas.240463297. PMC 34057. PMID 11058173.
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Ecological speciation is a form of speciation arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to an ecological factor that reduces or eliminates gene...
explains the derivation. Sympatric speciation is one of three traditional geographic modes of speciation. Allopatric speciation is the evolution of species caused...
speciation. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book The Origin of Species. Speciation depends...
The Specie Circular is a United States presidential executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act of 1834. It...
distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation. Such speciation may be a product of reproductive isolation – which prevents hybrid...
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Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions and in nature. In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results...
"stepping-stone" (discrete populations), and stasipatric speciation in concordance with most of the parapatric speciation literature.: 111 Henceforth, the models are...
pressures. Divergent evolution is the process of speciation. This can happen in several ways: Allopatric speciation is when species are separated by a physical...
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periods. This isolation acts as a precursor to allochronic speciation, a type of speciation which results when two populations of a species become isolated...
G.; Franks, Nigel R. (July 1991). "Alternative adaptations, sympatric speciation and the evolution of parasitic, inquiline ants". Biological Journal of...
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heuristics may be employed to make the calculation faster or more robust. The speciation heuristic penalizes crossover between candidate solutions that are too...
of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation...
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claimed to be analogous to the formation of different biological species (speciation). In the extreme, pseudospeciation leads to dehumanization of other cultural...
homogeneity. For this reason, gene flow has been thought to constrain speciation and prevent range expansion by combining the gene pools of the groups...
it from the typical definition of ecological speciation: "It is useful to consider ecological speciation as its own form of species formation because...
especially peripatric speciation as applied to the fossil record. Although the sudden appearance of species and its relationship to speciation was proposed and...
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