Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
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A diagram representing population subject to a selective gradient of phenotypic or genotypic frequencies (a cline). Each end of the gradient experiences different selective conditions (divergent selection). Reproductive isolation occurs upon the formation of a hybrid zone. In most cases,[citation needed] the hybrid zone is eliminated due to a selective disadvantage. This effectively completes the speciation process.
In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes. This mode of speciation has three distinguishing characteristics: 1) mating occurs non-randomly, 2) gene flow occurs unequally, and 3) populations exist in either continuous or discontinuous geographic ranges. This distribution pattern may be the result of unequal dispersal, incomplete geographical barriers, or divergent expressions of behavior, among other things. Parapatric speciation predicts that hybrid zones will often exist at the junction between the two populations.
In biogeography, the terms parapatric and parapatry are often used to describe the relationship between organisms whose ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other; they do not occur together except in a narrow contact zone. Parapatry is a geographical distribution opposed to sympatry (same area) and allopatry or peripatry (two similar cases of distinct areas).
Various "forms" of parapatry have been proposed and are discussed below. Coyne and Orr in Speciation categorise these forms into three groups: clinal (environmental gradients), "stepping-stone" (discrete populations), and stasipatric speciation in concordance with most of the parapatric speciation literature.[1]: 111 Henceforth, the models are subdivided following a similar format.
Charles Darwin was the first to propose this mode of speciation. It was not until 1930, when Ronald Fisher published The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection where he outlined a verbal theoretical model of clinal speciation. In 1981, Joseph Felsenstein proposed an alternative, "discrete population" model (the "stepping-stone model). Since Darwin, a great deal of research has been conducted on parapatric speciation—concluding that its mechanisms are theoretically plausible, "and has most certainly occurred in nature".[1]: 124
^ abJerry A. Coyne; H. Allen Orr (2004), Speciation, Sinauer Associates, pp. 1–545, ISBN 978-0-87893-091-3
and 26 Related for: Parapatric speciation information
In parapatricspeciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes. This mode...
modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and...
this case, divergence is facilitated by the absence of gene flow. Parapatricspeciation is the evolution of geographically adjacent populations into distinct...
Ecological speciation is a form of speciation arising from reproductive isolation that occurs due to an ecological factor that reduces or eliminates gene...
Allopatric speciation (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) 'other', and πατρίς (patrís) 'fatherland') – also referred to as geographic speciation, vicariant...
is bright yellow in color. Anthoxanthum odoratum is experiencing parapatricspeciation in areas of mine contamination. Anthoxanthum odoratum is native...
Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population.: 105 Since peripatric speciation resembles...
rapid speciation after an increase in inbreeding increases selection on homozygotes, leading to rapid genetic change. The third mode is parapatric speciation...
the periodical 13- and 17-year Magicicada species. allo-parapatricspeciation A mode of speciation where divergence occurs in allopatry and is completed...
allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric respectively. The phrase "modes of speciation" is imprecisely defined, most often indicating speciation occurring...
especially where the range of a population is very large (see parapatricspeciation). The genetic differences among divergent populations can involve...
that the wild members of this genus evolved through sympatric or parapatricspeciation, whereas the domestic cat evolved through artificial selection....
model parapatricspeciation. Ring species often attract the interests of evolutionary biologists, systematists, and researchers of speciation leading...
Allochronic speciation (also known as allochronic isolation, or temporal isolation) is a form of speciation (specifically ecological speciation) arising...
Laboratory experiments of speciation have been conducted for all four modes of speciation: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric; and various...
also more likely to see effects from genetic drift. Parapatricspeciation is allopatric speciation but occurs when the species diverge without a physical...
speciation is best described by a model of either allopatric or parapatricspeciation. B. splendens are known for their intense aggression, which has...
"Genetic structure and bio-climatic modeling support allopatric over parapatricspeciation along a latitudinal gradient". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12. 149...
Peripatric speciation – Speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated smaller peripheral population Parapatricspeciation – Speciation within...
then evolved from its peregrine stock forebears in a process of parapatricspeciation based on partially separated environments where different selective...
populations of a previously homogeneous species, possibly leading to parapatricspeciation. As a population spreads across a contiguous area it may spread...
aquatic lifestyle, may have evolved between populations and led to parapatricspeciation. Alternatively, the complex geological history of the Balkan peninsula...
"Genetic structure and bio-climatic modeling support allopatric over parapatricspeciation along a latitudinal gradient". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12. 149...
speciation," a concept closely aligned with peripatric speciation, parapatricspeciation and sympatric speciation. Clarkia biloba is an annual herb producing an...
the hybrid zone have intermediate traits. This is an example of parapatricspeciation, where the elevation gradient of 560 meters causes differentiation...
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