This article is about a general overview of Spanish in the Philippines. For the specific dialect of Spanish spoken in the country, see Philippine Spanish.
Official copy of the "Acta de la proclamación de independencia del pueblo Filipino", the Philippine Declaration of Independence
Spanish was the sole official language of the Philippines throughout its more than three centuries of Spanish rule, from the late 16th century to 1898, then a co-official language (with English) under its American rule, a status it retained (now alongside Filipino and English) after independence in 1946. Its status was initially removed in 1973 by a constitutional change, but after a few months it was once again designated an official language by a presidential decree. However, with the adoption of the present Constitution, in 1987, Spanish became designated as an auxiliary or "optional and voluntary language".[1][2]
During the period of Spanish colonization (1565–1898), it was the language of government, trade, education, and the arts. With the establishment of a free public education system set up by the colonial government in the mid-19th century, a class of native Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados was formed, which included historical figures such as José Rizal, Antonio Luna and Marcelo del Pilar. By the end of Spanish rule, a significant number of urban and elite populations were conversant in Spanish, although only a minority of the total population had knowledge of the language.[3]
It served as the country's first official language as proclaimed in the Malolos Constitution of the First Philippine Republic in 1899 and continued to be widely used during the first few decades of U.S. rule (1898–1946). Gradually however, the American government began promoting the use of English at the expense of Spanish, characterizing it as a negative influence of the past. By the 1920s, English became the primary language of administration and education.[4] While it continued to serve as an official language after independence in 1946, the state of Spanish continued to decline until its removal from official status in 1973. Today, the language is no longer present in daily life and despite interest in some circles to learn or revive it, it continues to see dwindling numbers of speakers and influence. Roughly 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the population) were estimated to be proficient in Spanish in 2020.[5]
The Spanish language is regulated by the Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española, the main Spanish-language regulating body in the Philippines, and a member of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, the entity which regulates the Spanish language worldwide.
^Cite error: The named reference official languages was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference voluntary and optional was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 30, 2021. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
^Ocampo, Ambeth (December 4, 2007). "The loss of Spanish". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
^Gómez Armas, Sara (May 19, 2021). "El español resiste en Filipinas" [Spanish resists in the Philippines]. COOLT (in Spanish). Retrieved April 8, 2023.
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