Member of the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period
For the Philippine TV series, see Ilustrado (TV series). For the followers of Ilustración, see Enlightenment in Spain.
Ilustrados in Madrid, c.1890; Standing clockwise from left: Vicente Francisco, Cajigas, José Abreu, Mariano Abella, Dominador Gómez, Francisco Tongio Liongson, Flaviano Cordecruz, a Tuazon from Malabon, Alejandro Yance de Lara, Lauro Dimayuga, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Gregorio Aguilera, José Rizal, José Alejandrino, Baldomero Roxas, Moises Salvador, Modesto Reyes, Gaudencio Juanengo, Pablo Rianzares Bautista; Seated from left: Dr. Santamaria, Candido Morada, Damaso Ponce, Ariston Bautista, Pedro Serrano Lactao, and Teodoro Sandiko
The Ilustrados (Spanish:[ilusˈtɾaðos], "erudite",[1] "learned"[2] or "enlightened ones"[3]) constituted the Filipino intelligentsia (educated class) during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.[4][5] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning.
They were late Spanish-colonial-era middle to upper class Filipinos, many of whom were educated in Spain and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The ilustrado class was composed of Philippine-born and/or raised intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—mestizos(both de Sangleyes and de Español), insulares, and indios, among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage.
Stanley Karnow, in his In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, referred to the ilustrados as the "rich Intelligentsia" because many were the children of wealthy landowners or inqulino (tenant) lessee families. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.[3][6][7][8][9][10]
^The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.)
^RAE - ASALE. "Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario". Diccionario de la lengua española.
^ abGlossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated), retrieved on: July 30, 2007
^Thomas, Megan Christine (2012). Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism. U of Minnesota Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8166-7190-8.
^Cullinane, Michael (1989). Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908. Ateneo University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-439-3.
^Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996 Archived October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
^Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. - ISBN 0-345-32816-7
^The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
^Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com, retrieved on: August 1, 2007
^History of the Philippines, Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived from the original on July 13, 2007), retrieved on: August 1, 2007
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