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Spanish language
A manuscript of the Cantar de mio Cid, 13th century
Overview
Pronunciation
stress
Orthography
Names
History
Old
Middle
Influences
Grammar
Determiners
Nouns
gender
Pronouns
personal
object
Adjectives
Prepositions
Verbs
conjugation
irregular verbs
Dialects
Andalusian
Andean
Argentine
Belizean
Bolivian
Canarian
Caribbean
Central American
Chilean
Colombian
Costa Rican
Cuban
Dominican
Ecuadorian
Equatoguinean
Guatemalan
Honduran
Mexican
Murcian
New Mexican
Nicaraguan
Paraguay
Panamanian
Peninsular
Peruvian
Philippine
status
Puerto Rican
Rioplatense
Saharan
Salvadoran
Standard
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
Dialectology
Seseo
Yeísmo
Voseo
Leísmo
Loísmo
Interlanguages
Llanito
Jopara
Judaeo-Spanish
Portuñol
Spanglish
Castrapo
Creoles
Roquetas Pidgin
Chavacano or Chabacano
Palenquero or Palenque
Teaching
Hispanism
RAE
Instituto Cervantes
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e
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Primary dialects of Spanish10 varieties of Mexican Spanish.
Norteño del (Nor-)este (eastern northern variant)
Norteño del (Nor-)oeste (western northern variant)
Bajacaliforniense (peninsular northern variant)
Occidental (western variant)
Bajío (lowlands variant)
Altiplano (central variant)
Sureño Central (central southern variant)
Costeño (coastal variant)
Chiapaneco (south-eastern variant, similar to Central American Spanish)
Yucateco (eastern variant)
In purple, the major variations and dialects of Castilian/Spanish in Spain. In other colors, the extent of the other languages of Spain in the bilingual areas.Dialects of Spanish spoken in Argentina.5 varieties of Spanish spoken in Peru.
Some of the regional varieties of the Spanish language are quite divergent from one another, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary, and less so in grammar.
While all Spanish dialects adhere to approximately the same written standard, all spoken varieties differ from the written variety, to different degrees. There are differences between European Spanish (also called Peninsular Spanish) and the Spanish of the Americas, as well as many different dialect areas both within Spain and within the Americas. Chilean and Honduran Spanish have been identified by various linguists as the most divergent varieties.[1]
Prominent differences of pronunciation among dialects of Spanish include:
the maintenance or lack of distinction between the phonemes /θ/ and /s/ (distinción vs. seseo and ceceo);
the maintenance or loss of distinction between phonemes represented orthographically by ll and y (yeísmo);
the maintenance of syllable-final [s] vs. its weakening to [h] (called aspiration, or more precisely debuccalization), or its loss; and
the tendency, in areas of central Mexico and of the Andean highlands, to reduction (especially devoicing), or loss, of unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with voiceless consonants.[2][3][4]
Among grammatical features, the most prominent variation among dialects is in the use of the second-person pronouns. In Hispanic America the only second-person plural pronoun, for both formal and informal treatment, is ustedes, while in most of Spain the informal second-person plural pronoun is vosotros with ustedes used only in the formal treatment. For the second-person singular familiar pronoun, some American dialects use tú (and its associated verb forms), while others use either vos (see voseo) or both tú and vos[citation needed] (which, together with usted, can make for a possible three-tiered distinction of formalities).
There are significant differences in vocabulary among regional varieties of Spanish, particularly in the domains of food products, everyday objects, and clothes; and many American varieties show considerable lexical influence from Native American languages.
^Alemany, Luis (2021-11-30). "El español de Chile: la gran olla a presión del idioma". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
^Cotton & Sharp (1988)
^Lope Blanch (1972:222)
^Delforge (2008)
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