Issue in astrophysics regarding discrepancy between the Sun's luminosity and neutrinos
The solar neutrino problem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solar neutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly. The discrepancy was first observed in the mid-1960s and was resolved around 2002.
The flux of neutrinos at Earth is several tens of billions per square centimetre per second, mostly from the Sun's core. They are nevertheless hard to detect, because they interact very weakly with matter, traversing the whole Earth. Of the three types (flavors) of neutrinos known in the Standard Model of particle physics, the Sun produces only electron neutrinos. When neutrino detectors became sensitive enough to measure the flow of electron neutrinos from the Sun, the number detected was much lower than predicted. In various experiments, the number deficit was between one half and two thirds.
Particle physicists knew that a mechanism, discussed back in 1957 by Bruno Pontecorvo, could explain the deficit in electron neutrinos.[1] However, they hesitated to accept it for various reasons, including the fact that it required a modification of the accepted Standard Model. They first pointed at the solar model for adjustment, which was ruled out. Today it is accepted that the neutrinos produced in the Sun are not massless particles as predicted by the Standard Model but rather mixed quantum states made up of defined-mass eigenstates in different (complex) proportions. That allows a neutrino produced as a pure electron neutrino to change during propagation into a mixture of electron, muon and tau neutrinos, with a reduced probability of being detected by a detector sensitive to only electron neutrinos.
Several neutrino detectors aiming at different flavors, energies, and traveled distance contributed to our present knowledge of neutrinos. In 2002 and 2015, a total of four researchers related to some of these detectors were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
^Bilenky, Samoil M. (2013-09-23). "Bruno Pontecorvo and Neutrino Oscillations". Advances in High Energy Physics. 2013: e873236. doi:10.1155/2013/873236. ISSN 1687-7357.
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The solarneutrinoproblem concerned a large discrepancy between the flux of solarneutrinos as predicted from the Sun's luminosity and as measured directly...
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that solar and atmospheric neutrinos change flavors (see Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory). This resolved the solarneutrinoproblem: the...
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predicted by the Standard Solar Model. As several experiments confirmed this deficit the effect became known as the solarneutrinoproblem. Over several decades...
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referred to as the Davis experiment or SolarNeutrino Experiment and in original literature called Brookhaven SolarNeutrino Experiment or Brookhaven 37Cl (Chlorine)...
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as the strong CP problem, neutrino mass, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical...
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Schlattl, H. (2001). "Three-flavor oscillation solutions for the solarneutrinoproblem". Physical Review D. 64 (1): 013009. arXiv:hep-ph/0102063. Bibcode:2001PhRvD...
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