This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article cites its sources but does not provide page references. You can help providing page numbers for existing citations.(May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Slavery in Brazil" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Slavery in Brazil began long before the first Portuguese settlement. Later, colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions of bandeirantes (derived from the word for "flags", from the flag of Portugal they carried in a symbolic claiming of new lands for the country). The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. Europeans and Chinese were also enslaved.[1]
During the Atlantic slave trade era, Brazil imported more enslaved Africans than any other country in the world. Brazil's foundation was built on the exploitation and enslavement of indigenous peoples and Africans. Out of the 12 million Africans who were forcibly brought to the New World, approximately 5.5 million were brought to Brazil between 1540 and the 1860s. The mass enslavement of Africans played a pivotal role in the country's economy and was responsible for the production of vast amounts of wealth. The inhumane treatment and forced labor of enslaved Africans remains a significant part of Brazil's history and its ongoing struggle with systemic racism.[2][3][4] Until the early 1850s, most enslaved African people who arrived on Brazilian shores were forced to embark at West Central African ports, especially in Luanda (present-day Angola).
Slave labor was the driving force behind the growth of the sugar economy in Brazil, and sugar was the primary export of the colony from 1600 to 1650. Gold and diamond deposits were discovered in Brazil in 1690, which sparked an increase in the importation of enslaved African people to power this newly profitable mining. Transportation systems were developed for the mining infrastructure, and population boomed from immigrants seeking to take part in gold and diamond mining.
Demand for enslaved Africans did not wane after the decline of the mining industry in the second half of the 18th century. Cattle ranching and foodstuff production proliferated after the population growth, both of which relied heavily on slave labor. 1.7 million slaves were imported to Brazil from Africa from 1700 to 1800, and the rise of coffee in the 1830s further expanded the Atlantic slave trade.
Part of a series on
Slavery
Contemporary
Child labour
Child soldiers
Conscription
Debt
Forced marriage
Bride buying
Child marriage
Wife selling
Forced prostitution
Human trafficking
Peonage
Penal labour
Contemporary Africa
21st-century jihadism
Sexual slavery
Wage slavery
Historical
Antiquity
Egypt
Babylonia
Greece
Rome
Medieval Europe
Ancillae
Black Sea slave trade
Byzantine Empire
Kholop
Prague slave trade
Serfs
History
In Russia
Emancipation
Thrall
Venetian slave trade
Balkan slave trade
Muslim world
Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
Slavery in Al-Andalus
Baqt
Contract of manumission
Bukhara slave trade
Crimean slave trade
Khivan slave trade
Ottoman Empire
Avret Esir Pazarları
Barbary Coast
slave trade
pirates
Sack of Baltimore
Slave raid of Suðuroy
Turkish Abductions
Concubinage
history
Ma malakat aymanukum
Avret Esir Pazarları
Harem
Abbasid harem
Ottoman Imperial Harem
Safavid harem
Qajar harem
Jarya/Cariye
Odalisque
Qiyan
Umm walad
Circassian slave trade
Saqaliba
Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
21st century
Atlantic slave trade
Bristol
Brazil
Database
Dutch
Middle Passage
Nantes
New France
Panyarring
Spanish Empire
Slave Coast
Thirteen colonies
Topics and practice
Conscription
Ghilman
Mamluk
Devshirme
Blackbirding
Coolie
Corvée labor
Field slaves in the United States
Treatment
House slaves
Saqaliba
Slave market
Slave raiding
Child soldiers
White slavery
Naval
Galley slave
Impressment
Pirates
Shanghaiing
Slave ship
By country or region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Contemporary Africa
Trans-Saharan slave trade
Red Sea slave trade
Indian Ocean slave trade
Zanzibar slave trade
Angola
Chad
Comoros
Ethiopia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Seychelles
Somalia
Somali slave trade
South Africa
Sudan
Zanzibar
North and South America
Pre-Columbian America
Aztec
Americas indigenous
U.S. Natives
United States
Field slaves
female
Contemporary
maps
partus
prison labor
Slave codes
Treatment
interregional
Human trafficking
The Bahamas
Canada
Caribbean
Barbados
British Virgin Islands
Trinidad
Code Noir
Latin America
Brazil
Lei Áurea
Colombia
Cuba
Haiti
revolt
Restavek
(Encomienda)
Puerto Rico
East, Southeast, and South Asia
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
Bhutan
China
Booi Aha
Laogai
penal system
India
Debt bondage
Chukri System
Japan
comfort women
Korea
Kwalliso
Maldives
Slavery in the Mongol Empire
Thailand
Yankee princess
Vietnam
Australia and Oceania
Australia
Human trafficking
Blackbirding
Slave raiding in Easter Island
Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
Blackbirding in Polynesia
Europe and North Asia
Sex trafficking in Europe
Britain
Denmark
Dutch Republic
Germany in World War II
Malta
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Sweden
North Africa and West Asia
Afghanistan
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Human trafficking in the Middle East
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Palestine
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Tunisia
Qatar
Yemen
United Arab Emirates
Religion
Bible
Christianity
Catholicism
Mormonism
Islam
Judaism
Baháʼí Faith
Opposition and resistance
1926 Slavery Convention
Abolitionism
U.K.
U.S.
Abolitionists
Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
Anti-Slavery International
Blockade of Africa
U.K.
U.S.
Colonization
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Compensated emancipation
Freedman
manumission
Freedom suit
Slave Power
Underground Railroad
songs
Slave rebellion
Slave Trade Acts
International law
Third Servile War
13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf [fa]
Related
Common law
Indentured servitude
Unfree labour
Fugitive slaves
laws
Great Dismal Swamp maroons
List of slaves
owners
last survivors of American slavery
Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
Slave narrative
films
songs
Slave name
Slave catcher
Slave patrol
Slave Route Project
breeding
court cases
Washington
Jefferson
J.Q. Adams
Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation
40 acres
Freedmen's Bureau
Iron bit
Emancipation Day
v
t
e
Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, on 13 May 1888.
^A. J. R. Russell-Wood (March 1977). "Technology and Society: The Impact of Gold Mining on the Institution of Slavery in Portuguese America". The Journal of Economic History. 37 (1). Cambridge University Press for the Economic History Association: 73. ISSN 0022-0507. Retrieved 6 February 2024. The ethnic origins of slaves in Minas Gerais were almost as diverse as in the coastal enclaves, ranging from Amerindians, Chinese, and occasional Europeans
^"Racialized Frontiers: Slaves and Settlers in Modernizing Brazil". Brazil LAB. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
^"Assessing the Slave Trade: Estimates". The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database. Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
^"VERGONHA AINDA MAIOR: Novas informações disponíveis em um enorme banco de dados mostram que a escravidão no Brasil foi muito pior do que se sabia antes (". Veja (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
SlaveryinBrazil began long before the first Portuguese settlement. Later, colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases...
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location...
most of the workforce of the Brazilian export economy after a brief initial period of Indigenous slavery to cut brazilwood. In contrast to the neighboring...
coffee production inBrazil. Historian Dale Tomich describes "The concept of the second slavery radically reinterprets the relation of slavery and capitalism...
of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slaveryin different times and places. Slavery has been found in some hunter-gatherer populations...
inBrazil goes back to the first attempt to abolish indigenous slaveryinBrazil, in 1611, to its definitive abolition by the Marquis of Pombal, in 1755...
Cambridge. p. 15. Klein, Herbert S (2010). SlaveryInBrazil. Cambridge. p. 1. Klein, Herbert S (2010). SlaveryInBrazil. Cambridge. p. 14. Davis, Darién J (2004)...
Brazil was also the last country in the Americas to eradicate slavery. Calls for the end of slaveryinBrazil began in the early 19th century. In 1825...
Americas Borders of Brazil Religion inBrazilSlaveryinBrazil Argentina–Brazil relations Brazil–United States relations Brazil–Paraguay relations Proclamation...
who escaped slavery formed settlements inBrazil. Escaping from a life of slavery was a matter of opportunity. Settlements were formed in areas with dense...
trade to Brazil occurred during the period of history in which there was a forced migration of Africans to Brazil for the purpose of slavery. It lasted...
Slaveryin Cuba was a portion of the larger Atlantic Slave Trade that primarily supported Spanish plantation owners engaged in the sugarcane trade. It...
movement to end slavery and liberate slaves around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was France in 1315, but it was later used in its colonies...
provoking disorder. After the abolition of official slaveryinBrazil by the Lei Áurea (Golden Law) in 1888, many former female slaves and their daughters...
inBrazil. This resulted not only in the growth of the population of Portuguese origin, but also in the introduction of African slaveryinBrazil. During...
Slaveryin Britain existed before the Roman occupation and until the 11th century, when the Norman conquest of England resulted in the gradual merger of...
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's...
Slavery existed in the Sultanate of Zanzibar until 1909. Slavery and slave trade existed in the Zanzibar Archipelago for thousands of years. When clove...
Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in...
Brazilian trade, but also led to intensification of slaveryinBrazil. Coffee provided a new basis for agricultural expansion in southern Brazil. In the...