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Pathophysiology sample values
BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
Na+ = 140
Cl− = 100
BUN = 20
/ Glu = 150 \
K+ = 4
CO2 = 22
PCr = 1.0
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO3− = 24
paCO2 = 40
paO2 = 95
pH = 7.40
ALVEOLAR GAS:
pACO2 = 36
pAO2 = 105
A-a g = 10
OTHER:
Ca = 9.5
Mg2+ = 2.0
PO4 = 1
CK = 55
BE = −0.36
AG = 16
SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300
PCO = 295
POG = 5
BUN:Cr = 20
URINALYSIS:
UNa+ = 80
UCl− = 100
UAG = 5
FENa = 0.95
UK+ = 25
USG = 1.01
UCr = 60
UO = 800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH = 100
TP = 7.6
AST = 25
TBIL = 0.7
ALP = 71
Alb = 4.0
ALT = 40
BC = 0.5
AST/ALT = 0.6
BU = 0.2
AF alb = 3.0
SAAG = 1.0
SOG = 60
CSF:
CSF alb = 30
CSF glu = 60
CSF/S alb = 7.5
CSF/S glu = 0.6
Chloride is an anion in the human body needed for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy).[1] It also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serum chloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys.[2]
Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl− into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion; this is the mechanism underpinning the chloride shift occurring as the blood passes through oxygen-consuming capillary beds.
The normal blood reference range of chloride for adults in most labs is 96 to 106 milliequivalents (mEq) per liter. The normal range may vary slightly from lab to lab. Normal ranges are usually shown next to results in the lab report. A diagnostic test may use a chloridometer to determine the serum chloride level.
The North American Dietary Reference Intake recommends a daily intake of between 2300 and 3600 mg/day for 25-year-old males.
Reference ranges for blood tests, showing blood content of chloride at far right in the spectrum.
^"Blood (Serum) Chloride Level Test". Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
^Morrison, Gail (1990). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Butterworth Publishers. PMID 21250151.
the body's acid-base balance. The amount of serumchloride is carefully controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For...
The concentration of chloride in the blood is called serumchloride, and this concentration is regulated by the kidneys. A chloride ion is a structural...
is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L...
2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine BBC News. April 12, 2021. "Blood (Serum) Chloride Level Test". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved...
concentration levels of trospium chloride (0.5 to 50 ng/mL) were incubated with human serum in vitro. The 3H-trospium chloride ratio of plasma to whole blood...
Suxamethonium chloride (brand names Scoline and Sucostrin, among others), also known as suxamethonium or succinylcholine, or simply sux in medical abbreviation...
millimoles/litre (mmol/L). The anion gap is calculated by subtracting the serum concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate (anions) from the concentrations of sodium...
coordination, headache, and ptosis of the right eyelid, as well as elevated serumchloride. In the two months it took to correctly diagnose the problem, the patient...
walk as observed in one case. Bromism is diagnosed by checking the serumchloride level, electrolytes, glucose, BUN and creatinine, as well as symptoms...
kringle array . Chloride ions further bridge the PAp / KR4 and SP / KR2 interfaces, explaining the physiological role of serumchloride in stabilizing...
within the solution amounts to a current. Some gases, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), under conditions of high temperature or low pressure can also function...
airway lumen when the active Cystic Fibrosis Transport Receptor moves chloride ions into the airway. The minimum physiological requirement for sodium...
potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, by shifting potassium from outside to inside cells and...
commonly supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Properly supplemented with serum or an adequate serum replacement, RPMI 1640 allows the cultivation...
which there is an abnormally low level of the chloride ion in the blood. The normal serum range for chloride is 97 to 107 mEq/L. It rarely occurs in the...
different electrolyte levels. Due to the way it is produced, CSF has a lower chloride level than plasma, and a higher sodium level. CSF contains approximately...
those with ECG changes is salts, such as calcium gluconate or calcium chloride. Other medications used to rapidly reduce blood potassium levels include...
is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8...
exothermically with most acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), producing magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and...
act as the new hair surface. Examples are Behentrimonium Chloride and Cetrimonium Chloride. Thermal protectors, usually heat-absorbing polymers, shield...
the anion chloride. A negative urine anion gap can be used as evidence of increased NH4+ excretion. In a metabolic acidosis without a serum anion gap:...
specifically sodium and chloride leading to cellular dehydration. RAAS attempts to compensate for this dehydration resulting in low serum blood potassium. Some...
exist. Diagnostic pointers include high urinary potassium and chloride despite low serum values, increased plasma renin, hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular...
Sodium Potassium Chloride Carbon dioxide (CO2) Tests of protein levels in the blood help screen for both kidney and liver disorders. Serum total protein...
Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum. Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms. Symptoms may include feeling tired...
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