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Rydberg matter[1] is an exotic phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms; it was predicted around 1980 by É. A. Manykin, M. I. Ozhovan and P. P. Poluéktov.[2][3] It has been formed from various elements like caesium,[4] potassium,[5] hydrogen[6][7] and nitrogen;[8] studies have been conducted on theoretical possibilities like sodium, beryllium, magnesium and calcium.[9] It has been suggested to be a material that diffuse interstellar bands may arise from.[10] Circular[11] Rydberg states, where the outermost electron is found in a planar circular orbit, are the most long-lived, with lifetimes of up to several hours,[12] and are the most common.[13][14][15]
^Wang, Jiaxi; Holmlid, Leif (2002). "Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 277 (2): 201. Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.
^
É.A. Manykin; M.I. Ozhovan; P.P. Poluéktov (1980). "Transition of an excited gas to a metallic state". Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. Lett.6: 95.
^É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov; Ozhovan; Poluéktov (1981). "On the collective electronic state in a system of strongly excited atoms". Sov. Phys. Dokl.26: 974–975. Bibcode:1981SPhD...26..974M.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^V.I. Yarygin; V.N. Sidel’nikov; I.I. Kasikov; V.S. Mironov & S.M. Tulin (2003). "Experimental Study on the Possibility of Formation of a Condensate of Excited States in a Substance (Rydberg Matter)". JETP Letters. 77 (6): 280. Bibcode:2003JETPL..77..280Y. doi:10.1134/1.1577757. S2CID 122574536.
^S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2002). "Neutral Rydberg Matter clusters from K: Extreme cooling of translational degrees of freedom observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 282 (1): 137–146. Bibcode:2002CP....282..137B. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00601-8.
^
S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2006). "Experimental studies of fast fragments of H Rydberg matter". Journal of Physics B. 39 (20): 4191–4212. Bibcode:2006JPhB...39.4191B. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/39/20/017. S2CID 120897660.
^J. Wang; Holmlid, Leif (2002). "Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen (H2)N* with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 277 (2): 201. Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.
^S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2002). "Rydberg Matter of K and N2: Angular dependence of the time-of-flight for neutral and ionized clusters formed in Coulomb explosions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 220 (2): 127. Bibcode:2002IJMSp.220..127B. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00689-9.
^A.V. Popov (2006). "Search for Rydberg matter: Beryllium, magnesium and calcium". Czechoslovak Journal of Physics. 56 (S2): B1294–B1299. Bibcode:2006CzJPh..56B1294P. doi:10.1007/s10582-006-0365-2. S2CID 120594462.
^L. Holmlid (2008). "The diffuse interstellar band carriers in interstellar space: All intense bands calculated from He doubly excited states embedded in Rydberg Matter". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 384 (2): 764–774. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384..764H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12753.x.
^J. Liang; M. Gross; P. Goy; S. Haroche (1986). "Circular Rydberg-state spectroscopy". Physical Review A. 33 (6): 4437–4439. Bibcode:1986PhRvA..33.4437L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.33.4437. PMID 9897204.
^R.L. Sorochenko (1990). "Postulation, detection and observations of radio recombination lines". In M.A. Gordon; R.L. Sorochenko (eds.). Radio recombination lines: 25 years of investigation. Kluwer. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7923-0804-1.
^L. Holmlid (2007). "Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg Matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 19 (27): 276206. Bibcode:2007JPCM...19A6206H. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206. S2CID 95032480.
^L. Holmlid (2007). "Stimulated emission spectroscopy of Rydberg Matter: observation of Rydberg orbits in the core ions". Applied Physics B. 87 (2): 273–281. Bibcode:2007ApPhB..87..273H. doi:10.1007/s00340-007-2579-9. S2CID 120239230.
^L. Holmlid (2009). "Nuclear spin transitions in the kHz range in Rydberg Matter clusters give precise values of the internal magnetic field from orbiting Rydberg electrons". Chemical Physics. 358 (1): 61–67. Bibcode:2009CP....358...61H. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.019.
Rydbergmatter is an exotic phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms; it was predicted around 1980 by É. A. Manykin, M. I. Ozhovan and P. P. Poluéktov...
Manykin et al. have suggested atmospheric Rydbergmatter as an explanation of ball lightning phenomena. Rydbergmatter is a condensed form of highly excited...
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid...
mass is called the Rydberg (R) in his honour. Rydberg atom RydbergmatterRydberg state List of things named after Johannes Rydberg Hamilton, Paul Charles...
A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther...
The Rydberg states of an atom or molecule are electronically excited states with energies that follow the Rydberg formula as they converge on an ionic...
A Rydberg molecule is an electronically excited chemical species. Electronically excited molecular states are generally quite different in character from...
Cs-Rydbergmatter which yield a decrease of collector emitting work function from 1.5 eV to 1.0–0.7 eV. Due to long-lived nature of Rydbergmatter this...
excited state is termed a Rydberg atom. A system of highly excited atoms can form a long-lived condensed excited state, Rydbergmatter. A collection of molecules...
'Ultradense protium p(0) and deuterium D(0) and their relation to ordinary Rydbergmatter: a review' 2019 Physica Scripta 94, 075005. arXiv:2207.08133. Vulpetti...
Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality. At all scales where measurements have been practical...
Cs-Rydbergmatter which yield a decrease of collector emitting work function from 1.5 eV to 1.0 – 0.7 eV. Due to long-lived nature of Rydbergmatter this...
2004 that condensed metallic states made of excited hydrogen atoms (Rydbergmatter) are effective promoters to metallic hydrogen, however these results...
Cs-Rydbergmatter which yield a decrease of collector emitting work function from 1.5 eV to 1.0–0.7 eV. Due to long-lived nature of Rydbergmatter this...
are a state of matter that is produced at temperatures close to absolute zero. Polarons are induced by using a laser to excite Rydberg atoms contained...
model's key success lies in explaining the Rydberg formula for hydrogen's spectral emission lines. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally...
davidson.edu/StuHome/joesten/IntLab/final/rydberg.htm Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Rydberg Atoms and the Quantum Defect at the site of...
example, the refinement of quantum mechanics for the interaction of light and matter, known as quantum electrodynamics (QED), has been shown to agree with experiment...
Where RH is the same Rydberg constant for hydrogen from Rydberg's long known formula. This also means that the inverse of the Rydberg constant is equal to...
absorption; and the manipulation of the states of excited electrons in Rydberg atoms to encode information. However, none of these processes produces...
of biological structures (Jan Brugués) Correlations and Transport in RydbergMatter (Matthew Eiles) Computational Quantum Many-body Physics (David Luitz)...
Riggatron Ring current Rocket engine nozzle Runaway breakdown Rydberg atom Rydbergmatter Safety factor (plasma physics) Saha ionization equation Sceptre...
the comparison of the electron anomalous magnetic dipole moment and the Rydberg constant from atom recoil measurements as described below. This makes QED...
wavenumbers were first used in the calculations of Johannes Rydberg in the 1880s. The Rydberg–Ritz combination principle of 1908 was also formulated in...
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