The Rōshānī movement (Pashto: روښاني غورځنګ, lit.'The enlightened movement') was a populist, nonsectarian Sufi movement that was founded in the mid-16th century, in the Pashtunistan region of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, and arose among the Pashtun tribes. The movement was founded by Pir Roshan, an Ormur warrior, Sufi poet and revolutionary.[1] Roshan challenged the inequality and social injustice that he saw being practiced by the ruling powers of the Mughal Empire. He advocated for a system of egalitarian codes and tenets that his followers, the Roshaniyya, promulgated within Islam.[2] Pir Roshan educated and instructed followers of the movement through new and radical teachings that questioned basic Islamic canons during that time, and propagated egalitarian principles.[3] His teachings resonated among the Afridi, Orakzai, Khalil, Mohmand, and Bangash tribes.[3]
The Roshaniyya were a millenarian Sufi group popular with the Pashtun populations in the northwestern regions of the Mughal Empire.[4] The group achieved strong influence and authority among the eastern Pashtun tribes and played a significant role in Pashtun history and in the policy of the Mughal Empire on its western frontiers.[5] The movement itself was a challenge to Pashtun tribal society, and its purpose was to raise issues of leadership, authority, and social ethics.[4] Its leaders were the followers and disciples of Pir Roshan, and membership within the movement threatened to undermine traditional tribal leadership. The Roshaniyya movement went through three phases: the first phase lasted from 1565 to 1585, the second phase from 1585 to 1605, and the third phase from 1605 to 1632.[4]
^"Bayazid Ansari on Khyber.Org". Archived from the original on September 11, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Bosin, Yury V (2009). "Roshaniya movement and the Khan Rebellion". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Blackwell Publishing. p. 2869. ISBN 9781405184649. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
^ abNichols, Robert. Settling the frontier: Land, law and society in the Peshawar valley, 1500-1900. University of Pennsylvania, 1997
^ abcArlinghaus, Joseph Theodore. The transformation of Afghan tribal society: Tribal expansion, Mughal imperialism and the Roshaniyya insurrection, 1450-1600. Diss. Duke University, 1988.
^Nichols, Robert. Settling the frontier: Land, law and society in the Peshawar valley, 1500-1900. University of Pennsylvania, 1997
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